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现货型CAR-T疗法的危机:Cas9基因编辑后,T细胞繁现染色体异常

2022-07-06 王聪 生物世界

目前,已上市的几款 CAR-T 疗法都是使用的来自癌症患者自身的自体 T 细胞,自体细胞疗法的优势在于能够在患者体内长时间发挥作用,且不产生排异反应,但该方法也存在着许多局限性。

2017年,美国 FDA 批准了首款 CAR-T 细胞疗法上市,人类进入细胞治疗时代,CAR-T 细胞疗法在血液类癌症中取得了很好的临床效果。

目前,已上市的几款 CAR-T 疗法都是使用的来自癌症患者自身的自体 T 细胞,自体细胞疗法的优势在于能够在患者体内长时间发挥作用,且不产生排异反应,但该方法也存在着许多局限性,自体细胞疗法耗时长,一些急性白血病患者没有足够时间等待,此外,许多病情严重的患者没有足够的 T 细胞用于工程化改造,也没有足够的时间来等待改造。

因此,许多研究团队和公司开始致力于开发同种异体细胞疗法,异体细胞疗法的细胞来源更多样,可以是外周血、脐带血,以及人工诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)等等,该方法更容易批量生产,耗时更少,能够解决自体细胞疗法的多种局限,也就是所谓的“现货型”细胞疗法。

以现货型 CAR-T 疗法为代表的同种异体 T 细胞疗法,通常使用基因编辑技术(主要是 CRISPR-Cas9)来敲除 T 细胞受体(TCR)及其他基因,来避免移植后出现的移植物抗宿主病(GvHD)。

2022年6月30日,以色列特拉维夫大学的研究人员在 Nature 子刊 Nature Biotechnology 发表了题为:Frequent aneuploidy in primary human T cells after CRISPR–Cas9 cleavage 的研究论文。

该研究使用单细胞 RNA 测序技术验证了 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑人类原代 T 细胞后的结果,检测结果显示,CRISPR-Cas9 编辑的目标基因所在的染色体出现了频繁的染色体非整倍性(染色体数目的增加或减少)和染色体截短。

这项研究结果表明,染色体的非整倍性和截短是 CRISPR-Cas9 切割 DNA 双链后的常见结果,因此,在使用 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑的临床试验中,尤其是基于 CRISPR-Cas9 的细胞疗法开发中,应当特别注意监测和尽量降低这种潜在的严重染色体变异。

2020年2月,CAR-T 之父 Carl June 教授等人在 Science 期刊发表论文,报道了首个基于基因编辑的 CAR-T 疗法治疗癌症的人体临床试验结果。

该研究通过 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑敲除了 T 细胞上的 TCR 和 PD-1,TCR 蛋白的 α 链(TCRα)由 TRAC 基因表达,该基因位于14号染色体;TCR 蛋白的 β 链(TCRβ)由 TRBC 基因表达,该基因位于7号染色体;PD-1蛋白由 PDCD1 基因表达,该基因位于2号染色体。

图片来自 Science 论文【2】

在这篇最新论文中,研究团队使用 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑技术来敲除人原代 T 细胞的表达 TCR 和 PD-1 的基因,而且使用了和上述 Science 论文中同样的 gRNA 来靶向敲除 TCR 和 PD-1。然后使用单细胞 RNA 测序来研究编辑后的人原代 T 细胞的结果。

实验结果显示,在基因编辑4天后,相当比例的原代 T 细胞出现了染色体异常。具体来说,9%的原代 T 细胞出现了14号染色体缺失,1.4%的原代 T 细胞出现了14号染色体增加,表达 TCRα 的基因位于14号染色体。9.9%的原代 T 细胞出现了7号染色体截断,表达 TCRβ 的基因位于7号染色体。而在编辑的第11天后,仍有0.9%的原代 T 细胞存在14号染色体缺失,进一步证实了这种染色体变异的长期存在。

这项研究表明,染色体非整倍性(染色体数目的增加或减少)和染色体截断,是 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑时对 DNA 双链进行切割后导致的常见后果,因此,在临床应用中,应当进行相应的检测并尽量使其风险最小化。

此前已经有大量研究发现并证实,CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑,由于 Cas9 造成的 DNA 双链断裂,导致细胞出现染色体大片段碱基缺失、染色体碎裂、重排等严重染色体异常。这些发现提醒了我们应当加强对 CRISPR 基因编辑技术潜在风险的评估和监测。

需要指出的是,碱基编辑(Base Editing),能够在不造成 DNA 双链断裂的情况下进行基因编辑,碱基编辑技术开创者刘如谦教授创立的 Beam therapeutics,以及国内的贝斯生物等,正在通过碱基编辑技术开发通用型细胞疗法,理论上能够避免 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑导致的染色体异常,具有更好的安全性。

原始出处:

Nahmad, A.D., Reuveni, E., Goldschmidt, E. et al. Frequent aneuploidy in primary human T cells after CRISPR–Cas9 cleavage. Nat Biotechnol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01377-0.

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    2023-02-08 仁者大医
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    2022-07-08 respect
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    2022-07-08 yaanren
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