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协和医院曾正陪教授:原醛症患病率可达5%~13%

2019-11-08 岱西 中国循环杂志

从1952年“醛固酮”被认识到当前,人们对原醛症的认识发生了很多变化。在中国心脏大会(CHC)2019、深圳心血管健康和疾病防治高峰论坛上,北京协和医院曾正陪教授指出,过去认为原醛症是一种少见高血压类型,但实际上患病率要高很多。

从1952年“醛固酮”被认识到当前,人们对原醛症的认识发生了很多变化。在中国心脏大会(CHC)2019、深圳心血管健康和疾病防治高峰论坛上,北京协和医院曾正陪教授指出,过去认为原醛症是一种少见高血压类型,但实际上患病率要高很多。

比如以前认为在高血压人群中的患病率仅0.5%,而现在在达到5%~13%,此外在顽固性高血压人群、醛固酮瘤患者、双侧肾上腺增生患者中更为多见,患病率达20%~60%。

美国学者Jerome Conn认为,原醛症可能早就发生在正常血压、正常血钾的患者中,很多轻度、亚临床或不典型的病例未能被认识。

有专家甚至认为,所有高血压患者都应被推荐一生至少筛查一次原醛症。

就原醛症的筛查,曾正陪指出,血钾缺乏敏感性,醛固酮/肾素比(ARR)比肾素测定特异,比血钾或醛固酮测定敏感。目前美国指南和中国共识均推荐立位(非卧位)2 h 后用ARR来筛查原醛症。

经筛查试验疑诊的原醛症患者,还需要进行至少一种确诊试验,以便明确诊断。美国指南推荐4种确诊试验:卧位生理盐水试验(SIT)、卡托普利试验(CCT)、氟氢可的松试验(FST) 和口服钠盐试验。

曾正陪指出,对于ARR显着增高的患者可不做确诊试验,不是所有原醛症患者都要强制性做确诊试验。

美国2016年指南建议,自发性低血钾,低血浆肾素水平及醛固酮>20 ng/dL (550 pmol/L),不需要做确诊试验。

就定位而言,鉴别原醛症亚型,首选肾上腺CT;推荐在决定手术前需要鉴别一侧或双侧肾上腺病变时,应由有经验的放射科医师操作经皮肾上腺静脉取血(AVS)检查。

在治疗方面,2016年美国指南推荐,如确诊为单侧醛固酮分泌瘤或单侧肾上腺增生,则应行腹腔镜单侧肾上腺手术切除术。

如患者不能手术,则推荐用盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂治疗。

如为双侧肾上腺增生,则推荐用盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂治疗,建议用螺内酯(安体舒通)作为主要用药,依普利酮作为选择用药。

对糖皮质激素抑制性醛固酮增多症患者,推荐用最小剂量肾上腺糖皮质激素。

曾正陪介绍,未来几年对原醛症进行的诊治还需从以下几个方面加强或着手,比如提高对原醛症患者患病率的再认识,诊治标准的统一,标准化流程的建立等,这些均需多学科协作,取得共识

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    2019-11-09 lovetcm

    治疗办法不多

    0

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