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2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖猜想

2015-09-15 郭晓强 科学博客

一年一度的诺贝尔奖即将拉开序幕,世界的目光也将再一次聚焦于斯德哥尔摩,最终花落谁家都是大家关注的焦点,在这里根据自己的理解对本年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖进行预测,以供大家分享。最终中与不中都不重要,只当一种娱乐而已。 生理学或医学奖其实包括两部分,就是生理学(指的是基础)和医学(指的是应用),早起获奖项目偏重医学,而现在基本上是生理学的天下了,二者比例大致在8:2上下。 基础篇 基础仍将是

一年一度的诺贝尔奖即将拉开序幕,世界的目光也将再一次聚焦于斯德哥尔摩,最终花落谁家都是大家关注的焦点,在这里根据自己的理解对本年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖进行预测,以供大家分享。最终中与不中都不重要,只当一种娱乐而已。

生理学或医学奖其实包括两部分,就是生理学(指的是基础)和医学(指的是应用),早起获奖项目偏重医学,而现在基本上是生理学的天下了,二者比例大致在8:2上下。

基础篇

基础仍将是颁奖的重点,涵盖生物化学、细胞生物学、分子遗传学、免疫学、神经科学以及交叉学科等领域。

1.miRNA  这是今年的最大热门,安博斯(VictorAmbros)和鲁弗肯(Gary Bruce Ruvkun)等是最被看好的候选人。看看每年我国国自然资助数目和SCI论文中miRNA相关论文数量就知道这个领域是否应该获奖,并且发现至今已20多年,这也是基础研究的一个平均年限,因此作为第一候选。

2.核受体  核受体的发现一方面为许多内分泌激素的作用机制提供了新的理解,另一方面也补充了信号转导通路(已经颁发了细胞外,细胞膜,细胞内,独缺少细胞核)。热门候选人包括尚邦(Pierre Chambon)和埃文斯(RonaldMark Evans)等。

3.表观遗传学  生命科学热门领域之一,每年贡献海量的论文,花费大量的基金,因此也值得期待。塞达(Howard Cedar)和拉辛(Aharon Razin)的DNA甲基化,埃利斯(Charles David Allis)组蛋白乙酰化等都是重要选项。

4.昼夜节律  纯基础问题,阐述了一个最为基本的生命科学现象的分子机制。霍尔(Jeffrey C. Hall)、罗斯巴什(MichaelRosbash)和杨(Michael W. Young)等做出了重要贡献。

5.其他  除了上述的热点之外,其他一些项目也具有重要实力,包括内质网未折叠蛋白应答反应(瓦尔特(Peter Walter)和森和俊(KazutoshiMori))、细胞自噬(大隅良典(Yoshinori Ohsumi)等),也是2015年以及今后几年重要竞争者。

应用篇

尽管基础是重点,但面前颁奖也有向临床应用倾斜的趋势,这里将热门领域进行归纳。

6.影像学  至今已有两次颁发给影像学,分别为CTNMR,这是诺贝尔医学奖从手术操作转型到影像的一个重要标志。面前尚未有和上述两种技术向媲美的重大突破,但部分技术,如功能性磁共振成像(fMRI,小川诚二(Seiji Ogawa))和正电子扫描(PET,库尔(David Edmund Kuhl)等)等技术分享的可能性大。

7.药物学   2000年多巴胺获奖以来,一直未有药物学方面的成就最终登顶。基本原因可能在于这些药物的应用价值不可和当初的青霉素、链霉素等相提并论,但一些新药的研制和应用还是值得颁奖。如降胆固醇的药物他汀类药物的发现(远藤章(Akira Endo))就很值得获奖,但考虑到目前单独获奖较为罕见,2001年至今只有试管婴儿技术(2010年)为单独获取,前14年的平均人数为2.5,因此分享的可能性极大。最大分享内容可能是肿瘤靶向治疗。客观而言,尽管肿瘤靶向治疗取得一定效果,但其理论价值和应用价值都存在一定欠缺,况且太多人对此有一定贡献,如发现小分子抑制剂格列卫的德鲁克(Brian Druker)和乌尔里希(AxelUllrich),发明单克隆抗体赫赛汀的斯拉门(DennisSlamon)等等,如何从中抉择也是一大难题。还以一个就是热点就是肿瘤的免疫检验点单克隆抗体,艾利森(James P. Allison)更是红的发紫(前几天刚获得本年度拉斯克临床医学奖),但个人意见他和本庶佑(Tasuku Honjo)等分享的可能性存在,更多偏向于理论,就是免疫抑制分子的发现和功能研究,但考虑到2011年才颁发给免疫学,因此推迟获奖也是极大可能。

化学篇

作为生命科学基础的生物化学和生物物理学,有时候会被划归到化学领域,而且是二十一化学奖最大赢家。十四年间,8年颁给的都是生命相关(半壁以上江山)。02NMR和质谱、03年离子通道和水通道,04年泛素化修饰,06年转录机制、2008年绿色荧光蛋白、09年翻译机制、12G-蛋白偶联受体、14年显微镜等,所以这里也顺便预测一下可能的生命化学奖。

8.分子伴侣介导的蛋白折叠  这是自安芬森定则提出后进一步丰富了蛋白折叠机制的研究领域是最大热门(性质类似于04年的泛素化修饰),做出卓越贡献的哈特尔(Franz-UlrichHartl)和霍维茨(Arthur L. Horwich将是最热门候选之一(考虑到平衡原理,可能今年授予主流化学学科,但这项研究一直是近几年热门。

9.RNA指导的DNA编辑技术(CRISPR-Cas9  2012年发明以来,迅速掀起一场研究热潮,其对多个学科的推动作用使其也成为热门候选(类似于08年的绿色荧光蛋白技术),卡彭蒂耶(EmmanuelleMarie Charpentier)和杜德娜(JenniferAnne Doudna)贡献最为巨大,但由于时间原因,可能会推迟一段时间以进一步验证。

当然,值得获奖的项目尚有很多,这里仅仅是一些个人看法,获奖有时候是天时、地利和人和的综合因素的结果,无论最终是否获奖,这些成果在一定程度上都推动了科学快速发展或提升了人们的生活水平。

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    2015-10-08 hlycom3356

    这篇文章写得很好

    0

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