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BMJ:偏倚误导——来自Symplicity HTN-3的警示

2014-03-24 坞霜降 dxy

针对Symplicity HTN-3期试验研究的失败结果,BMJ近期发表了一篇编者按,重点讨论了其中的问题。2014年年初,Symplicity HTN-3研究在降血压治疗方面以失败告终。该研究是世界首个以高血压肾脏去神经支配疗法为目标,采用盲法及临床随机对照的试验研究。在该研究结果发布前,有3篇影响广泛的文章一致报道肾脏去神经支配疗法可以使血压降低30mmHg,而且有超过20篇研究报告也得出了类

针对Symplicity HTN-3期试验研究的失败结果,BMJ近期发表了一篇编者按,重点讨论了其中的问题。

2014年年初,Symplicity HTN-3研究在降血压治疗方面以失败告终。该研究是世界首个以高血压肾脏去神经支配疗法为目标,采用盲法及临床随机对照的试验研究。在该研究结果发布前,有3篇影响广泛的文章一致报道肾脏去神经支配疗法可以使血压降低30mmHg,而且有超过20篇研究报告也得出了类似的结果。



现在这项技术的知识产权售价高达八亿美元。而市场上以该技术为核心的仪器多达50种,并且市场竞争愈演愈烈。

难道Symplicity HTN-3研究者真的需要好好反思一下自己的研究结果么?因为他们的结果连降压10mmHg的指标都没达到,而10mmHg这种程度在以往非盲法处理的文献看来仅仅也只能算是中度降压水平。

事实上,与以往研究结果大相径庭的Symplicity HTN-3更为科学的地方就是该研究设置了空白对照组实验并采用了盲法进行血压检测。因此,真正存在问题的是那些以往的研究。

在研究中,如果一个对研究持乐观预测的人在非盲法条件下去进行相关数据测量,那么研究观察指标的效力很容易被夸大。所以,我们不应该要求盲法处理的Symplicity HTN-3研究者来解释什么,我们更应去问问以前那些研究的负责人员,他们怎么解释自己的研究结果。

既然盲法处理和临床对照方式是临床研究不可或缺的部分,那么为什么在肾脏去神经支配疗法研究的后期才使用呢?一个可能的解释是:在研究初期,为了节省预算,研究者简化了这些可以减少偏倚出现的研究方式。现实却是无盲法无对照的研究给我们的是“不靠谱”的结论。

我们不禁要问,最后亡羊补牢的代价怎么会小于善始善终呢,或者说为什么研究者要先走错路呢?我认为有两种可能。一种是客观上始终按照错误的理论进行研究,这就需要一直保持研究方式无盲法、无对照;另一个可能就是研究本身有“两手准备”,可以将风险转嫁给他人。

同行评审这种方式不能保护文献免受错误学说的影响。一个过分夸大的实证研究一旦完成后很可能发表于某个杂志,如果不能及时纠正其中偏倚等问题,这篇文章很可能被被纳入meta分析产生更大的影响。即使我们不能对偏倚进行有效的控制,我们仍然有两个保护措施来阻止研究开展。
首先,伦理委员会在权衡研究利弊时,有责任保护入选试验人员的“权利、安全、尊严以及健康”。如果发现研究很可能得到错误的结论,就应该及时敦促其改正,因为这时小的风险都可能成为一个大的隐患。

有关肾脏去神经支配术的这一系列研究提示我们,没有盲法、没有对照的研究不仅没有科研效力,而且还会造成不良影响。如果研究者鼓动患者去接受实验性介入治疗,并承诺治疗的有效性,那么研究者就在不知情的情况下传播了错误信息。当然,这种做法本身也是不合伦理的。

另一方面,我建议伦理委员会在接受研究申请时应该去审查研究是否有对照,是否采用了盲法处理等相关问题。

第二个保护措施就是入选人员自身的保护意识。这要求入选人员不能仅仅被动的去接受研究者安排。一旦发现研究有任何问题,入选人员应该马上向伦理委员会举报。要做到这点,就需要我们普及儿童科普教育,强调偏倚对研究的影响。

综上,我们从Symplicity HTN-3研究中得到了教训——研究设计对于减小偏倚非常重要,错误的研究方式选择往往意味着荒谬的结果。

原始出处:
Matthew J Shun-Shin, James P Howard, Darrel P Francis.Removing the hype from hypertension.BMJ Mar 6 2014;348:g1937 doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1937 

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    2014-09-13 nakerunner
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1941528, encodeId=d1fd1941528ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64c94e75a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#City#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4775, encryptionId=64c94e75a3, topicName=City)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0cd7162, createdName=nakerunner, createdTime=Sat Sep 13 22:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1773157, encodeId=f5cb1e73157b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5298121e46e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MPL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12174, encryptionId=5298121e46e, topicName=MPL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10e638510530, createdName=xuyong536, createdTime=Tue Mar 03 19:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847553, encodeId=005e184e553a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Mon Aug 18 11:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2088922, encodeId=884f20889223f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb3b918244' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HTN-3#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9182, encryptionId=cb3b918244, topicName=HTN-3)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=daa8281, createdName=雕雕, createdTime=Sun Feb 22 15:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1738477, encodeId=e9a01e3847714, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9dd4e63c4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CIT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4763, encryptionId=a9dd4e63c4, topicName=CIT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eabf34462441, createdName=12498877m109暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 12 08:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-03 xuyong536
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    2014-08-18 gaoxiaoe
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    2015-02-22 雕雕
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