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6种“非药物降压”良方,快收藏!

2021-12-15 small year MedSci原创

“非药物治疗”是所有心血管病预防和治疗不可或缺的重要组成部分。无论健康人、心血管病高危人群,还是已确诊的心血管病患者,采取健康的生活方式都是有益的。

随着社会经济的发展和居民生活方式的改变,高血压已成为影响我国乃至全球居民健康的重大公共卫生问题之一。据数据显示,1975至到2015年,全球饱受高血压之苦的人数从5.94亿增至11亿,而我国18岁以上高血压患病率为 25.2%,相当于每4人中就有1个高血压患者。

高血压是心血管疾病的主要危险因素,控制高血压的相关影响因素是防治高血压乃至心血管疾病的重中之重。众所周知,高血压患者除了药物治疗之外,积极改善生活方式是非药物治疗中最经济有效的方式之一。有研究显示,如果合理管理自己的生活方式且长期坚持,甚至可以减少,延迟或者避免对降压药的需求。

《基层心血管病综合管理实践指南2020》强调,非药物治疗是所有心血管病预防和治疗不可或缺的重要组成部分。无论健康人、心血管病高危人群,还是已确诊的心血管病患者,采取健康的生活方式都是有益的。

1,合理膳食

合理膳食可以预防心血管病的发生。而膳食干预需要根据个人情况有针对性地定制方案,结合自身的体重、血压、血糖和血脂等代谢状况。

无论是高血压患者,还是一般人群,应多食用蔬菜、水果,减少精白米面主食、肥肉、油炸烧烤食品、奶油蛋糕、糖果、动物脑及内脏摄入。另外,减少食盐和食用油摄入,增加增加富含钾的新鲜蔬菜水 果(如菠菜、香蕉、枣)、菌类、山药、马铃薯等食物摄入。可适量饮茶,有利尿和降压的作用,但不宜饮用浓茶。

膳食营养综合管理

2,运动锻炼

国内外指南均指出,对于高血压患者,运动降压确实有效!根据自身状况,选择不同种类、强度、时间和频率的运动方案。

如果将运动作为一种治疗手段,就必须达到一定的强度才能达到效果。2021 EAPC/ESC发表的有关预防和治疗高血压的个性化运动处方共识推荐,有氧运动作为有高血压者的一线身体活动方式,可帮助平均收缩压降低4.9~12.0 mmHg,舒张压降低3.4~5.8 mmHg

常见的有氧运动包括快走、慢跑、游泳、自行车、健身操、跳绳等,每周应进行47次的中等强度运动,每次持续3060 min。在运动过程中,需要注意的是,感觉轻松或过于吃力,可稍调节内容和次数,以锻炼后次日不感到明显疲劳为宜。严寒、酷暑或身体不适时,应停止锻炼。

3,控制体重

超重或肥胖是高血压患者重要的危险因素之一,常常会随着体重的增加而增加。因此,积极的管理体重能够有效控制高血压的发展。研究显示,通常每减重1千克可使血压降低约1mmHg。《基层心血管病综合管理实践指南2020》建议,将体重控制在BMI 24.0 kg/m2

同时,除了控制体重外,腰围过大也可增加高血压风险。《中国中青年高血压管理专家共识》建议,男性腰围应该控制在90 cm以下,女性腰围应该控制在85 cm以下。

4,戒烟戒酒

烟草有害健康,烟草烟雾中含有200 余种有毒有害物质,至少有69种物质具有致癌作用,不仅致癌,还影响降压的治疗效果。有研究发现,戒烟2个月后,戒烟者的血压和心率开始下降。

另外,饮酒与心血管病之间的关系比较复杂。有研究提示,适量饮酒可减少动脉粥样硬化和心血管不良事件的发生。但绝大多数研究结果显示,饮酒不利于健康。研究显示,酒精的摄入量平均减少67%,收缩压下降3.31mmHg,舒张压下降2.04mmHg

因此,为了健康,还是戒烟戒酒。

5,良好心态

压力是保证心血管健康的重要措施之一。过量的心理应激反应,尤其是负性的心理应激反应会增加高血压风险。负面的心理应激反应可能来自工作、家庭、经济状况或疾病等。

然而,缓解压力并非易事,学会对事物降低预期,避免接触给自己带来负面情绪的人,做自己喜欢的事情等。另外,运动也是缓解压力非常有效的方式,规律运动,以保身心健康。

6,血压监测

我国指南指出,仅仅通过诊室血压评估可能会低估运动对血压控制的影响。监测24小时以上心血管调节的改善会变得更加明显。24小时动态血压监测更适合监测生活方式的改变是否有效,并提醒高血压患者留意潜在的并发症。在这方面,远程电子管理技术更有可能最大限度地提高疗效,同时限制成本。

综上,高血压患者除了药物治疗外,生活方式的干预同样非常重要。无论健康人、心血管病高危人群,还是已确诊的心血管病患者,采取健康的生活方式都是有益的。

参考资料

1.王增武, 陈君石, 高润霖,. 基层心血管病综合管理实践指南2020[J]. 中国医学前沿杂志:电子版, 2020(8):1-73.

2.Physical Activity as a Critical Component of FirstLine Treatment for Elevated Blood Pressure or Cholesterol: Who, What, and How? A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Hypertension.2021

3.Hanssen H, et al. Personalized exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension: a Consensus Document from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the ESC Council on Hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021 Mar24.

4.刘靖, 卢新政, 陈鲁原,. 中国中青年高血压管理专家共识[J]. 中华高血压杂志, 2020, 28(4):9.

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    收藏咯

    0

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    2021-12-19 1190

    不错

    0

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    2021-12-18 ms7000001254416592

    学习了

    0

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    2021-12-18 362892879

    深度好文章

    0

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    2021-12-16 ms3000000734162967

    学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1183494, encodeId=0e2011834944d, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=286f6461574, createdName=ms3000001044236841, createdTime=Wed Jan 12 12:33:53 CST 2022, time=2022-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081969, encodeId=bd4e10819695e, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7dd6413165, createdName=ms5000000095258169, createdTime=Mon Dec 20 07:41:08 CST 2021, time=2021-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081888, encodeId=d6cd1081888d0, content=收藏咯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b09f5567962, createdName=1190, createdTime=Sun Dec 19 20:57:27 CST 2021, time=2021-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081885, encodeId=b22c10818850c, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b09f5567962, createdName=1190, createdTime=Sun Dec 19 20:56:08 CST 2021, time=2021-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081650, encodeId=2ab1108165059, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4a175644310, createdName=ms7000001254416592, createdTime=Sat Dec 18 22:29:31 CST 2021, time=2021-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081455, encodeId=a401108145518, content=深度好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d9e64673439, createdName=362892879, createdTime=Sat Dec 18 08:48:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1292131, encodeId=0d6b1292131e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d32981418b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98141, encryptionId=9d32981418b, topicName=降压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f14236, createdName=经常头晕, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 01:29:27 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1080551, encodeId=1baa1080551b3, content=学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4cd96166904, createdName=ms3000000734162967, createdTime=Thu Dec 16 08:44:04 CST 2021, time=2021-12-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1080332, encodeId=d9d410803328c, content=非常👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cfb21580253, createdName=1509089881, createdTime=Wed Dec 15 16:29:27 CST 2021, time=2021-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-15 1509089881

    非常👍

    0

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