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何俐教授:急性缺血性脑卒中治疗进展:NCN2019

2019-09-22 hosttest MedSci原创

9月21日,在中华医学会第二十二次全国神经病学学术会议上,来自四川大学华西医院神经内科何俐教授对初急性缺血性脑卒中治疗进展进行了详细介绍,在此小编整理报告内容与大家分享。一级预防心房颐动一级预防推荐意见1. 社区卫生展努机构成基后医院对65岁以上的老年人应行积极进行心房颤动筛查,推荐脉诊加心电图检查(I类推荐;B级证据)。高危患者长时程心电检测可提高房颤检出率,监测时长应符合成本效益(Ⅱa类推

9月21日,在中华医学会第二十二次全国神经病学学术会议上,来自四川大学华西医院神经内科何俐教授对初急性缺血性脑卒中治疗进展进行了详细介绍,在此小编整理报告内容与大家分享。



一级预防
心房颐动一级预防推荐意见
1. 社区卫生展努机构成基后医院对65岁以上的老年人应行积极进行心房颤筛查,推荐脉诊加心电图检查(I类推荐;B级证据)。高危患者长时程心电检测可提高房颤检出率,监测时长应符合成本效益(Ⅱa类推荐;A级证据)
2. CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2且出血风险较低的非瓣膜性房颤患者,推荐抗凝治庁,可选择的物包括华法林(INR2.0~3.0),或新型口服抗凝剂如达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班(I类推荐;A级证据)、依度沙班(I类推荐;B级证据)。按基因分型调整华法林剂量的有效证据上不充足(IIB类推荐;C级证据)
3. 对严重肾功能损害(肌酐清除率<15ml/min)者的非瓣膜性房颤患者,不应使用新型口服抗凝药(III类推荐,C级证据)
4. 对于CHA2DS2-VASc评分为0分的非瓣膜房颤患者,不推荐使用抗栓治疗(III类推荐;B级证据)
5. 对于CHA2DS2-VASc评分为1分的非瓣膜房颤患者,如果出血风险较低且既往无抗栓治疗,可考虑抗凝治疗或服用阿司匹林;选用抗栓药物的种类需要根据个体化原则确定(IIb类推荐;C级证据)
6. 在围手术期并发症发生率较低的手术机构,对于那些不适合抗凝治疗的高危患者,可以考虑行左心耳封堵术,但患者需能承受至少45天的术后抗凝治疗(Ⅱb类推荐;B级证据)

禁忌症及适应症
1. 新指南强调房颤患者卒中预防首选NOAC,而非维生K拮抗剂(VKA)
2. NOAC禁用于机械人工瓣膜或中到重度二尖瓣狭窄(通常是风湿性的)的房颤患者
3. 尽管生物瓣膜、二尖瓣修复或经导管主动脉瓣置换术的相关数据有限,但这些患者使用NOAC是可以接受的。肥厚性心肌病患者使用NOAC的经验有限,但从病理生理学角度,这些患者是可以使用该类药物的。

《2019AHA/ACC/HRS房颤患者管理指南》
1月28日,美国心脏协会(AHA)、美国心脏病学会(ACC)联合美国心律学会(HRS)发布了《2019AHA/ACC/HRS房颤管理指南》,对2014版房颤指南进行了重点更新。指南同期发表于 Circulation、 Heart Rhythm 和J Am Coll Cardiol.

12个更新要点
1. 艾多沙斑( Edoxaban)已经加入到 NOACs的队列,可用于卒中预防(I,B-R)
备注:NOACs现有四种药物可用于临床,即阿哌沙班、达比加群、利伐沙班和艾多沙班
2. 除了中度至重度二尖瓣狭窄或植入机械心脏瓣膜者,均建议NOACs优先于华法林(I,A)
3. 使用抗凝药物的决策不应该受到房颤为阵发性、持续性还是永久性的影响(1,B)
4. 应在开始NOAC治疗之前检测肾功能和肝功能,并且至少毎年检测一次(I,B-NR)
5. CHA2DS2-VASc评分男性≥2分、女性≥3分,肌酐清除率<15ml/min或透析的房颤患者,使用华法林或阿哌沙班进行口服抗凝治疗是合理的(IIa,B-NR)
6. 发生危及生命的出血或紧急手术时,推荐使用Idarucizumab逆转达比加群的抗凝作用(I,B-NR)
7. 发生危及生命的出血时,Andexanet alfa可用于逆转利伐沙班和阿哌沙班的抗凝作用(Ⅱa,B-NR)
8. 对于卒中风险増加、存在长期抗凝禁忌证的房颤患者,可考虑经皮左心耳封堵(IIb,B-NR)
9. 对于射血分数降低型心衰且有症状的房颤患者,房颤导管消融以降低死亡率、减少心衰住院治疗可能是合理的(IIb,B-R)
10. 对于接受过冠脉支架置入术、有风险的房颤患者,双联治疗(氯吡格雷+利伐沙班15mg/d或达比加群150mg bid)是合理的,与三联治疗相比可有效降低出血风险(Ia,B-R)
11. 对于超重或肥的房颤患者,建议减重并进行危险因素干预(I,B-R)
12. 对于隐源性卒中(CS)且外部动态监別尚无定论的患者,植入心脏监护仪对于检测亚临床房颤是合理的(IIa,B-R)

急性期治疗
2018年,针对缺血性卒中的新指南发布,与14版南相比:
重新定义了急性期的时间:一般指发病后2周内,轻型1周内,重型1个月内
I脑卒中急诊救治体系:组建区域分级救治系统、建立院内绿色通道、建立远程救治系统
II院前处理:尽量减少时间延误。将送往救治的医院条件扩充为:应包括能全天进行急诊CT检查,具备溶栓和(或)血管内取栓条件
III卒中单元
IV急诊室断及处理:60min内完成CT,溶栓准备
V急性期诊断与治疗(住院期间):评估和诊断,一般处理特导性治疗,并发定处理,早期康复,医患沟通(新增),早期开始二级预防

组织窗,而非时间窗,将指导急性卒中的治疗
无论是发病时间在3小时以内抑或超出24小时的患者,均应进行灌注扫描或MRI/T2WI检查,以便于每一位卒中患者均可以得到组织窗的精确评估。

二级预防
2019年发表在Lancet Neurol杂志上最新发表了一篇关于高风险缺血性卒中二级预防的多中心、开放标签随机对照试验。2013年12月13日至2017年3月31日,共纳入1879名参与者,其中双抗组932名,单抗组947名,均纳入意向性分析。随访平均时间为1.4年。

研究结果显示,双抗组缺血性卒中复发率低于单抗组,全部卒中发生率及血管事件发生率低于单抗组。出血性卒中和安全性结局(包括严重出血事件,颅内出血,其他出血事件)发生率两组间无差异。

双抗组所有副反应事件发生率28%,单抗组为24%;双抗组头痛,心悸及心动过速,腹泻发生率明显高于单抗组,为西洛他唑常见副作用。

结论:西洛他咗联合阿司匹林或氯吡格雷可降低缺血性卒中复发的发生率;与单独应用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷治疗高危重缺血性卒中患者相比,发生严重出血时间的风险相似。

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    2019-09-23 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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