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术前谈话:医生必须掌握的5R原则

2015-07-31 诸任之 健康界

进入正文之前先一起来看个案例:外科急诊经常会遇到急性阑尾炎的病人。医生要求马上手术,并要求患者家属来院签字。当医生和家属谈话时,医院一般都有规定版本的知情同意书(不同医院的称谓不一样),医生向家属解释手术情况,家属同意就签字确认。以下北京某三甲医院关于阑尾炎手术《医疗知情同意书》:我(此处指患者家属)理解此手术可能发生的风险:第一、麻醉并发症,严重者可能致休克,危及生命;第二、术中大出血,导致

进入正文之前先一起来看个案例:

外科急诊经常会遇到急性阑尾炎的病人。医生要求马上手术,并要求患者家属来院签字。当医生和家属谈话时,医院一般都有规定版本的知情同意书(不同医院的称谓不一样),医生向家属解释手术情况,家属同意就签字确认。

以下北京某三甲医院关于阑尾炎手术《医疗知情同意书》:

我(此处指患者家属)理解此手术可能发生的风险:

第一、麻醉并发症,严重者可能致休克,危及生命;

第二、术中大出血,导致失血性休克,严重者死亡;

……

当医生念到此处,有家属就说了:“这么严重啊!医生,你等一等,我先找人问问。”

当家属打完电话,回头和医生说:“我听说阑尾炎不开刀也行,挂点消炎药也能好,这样你看行不行?”

医生说:“你不愿意开刀也行,还要签另外一个字。”

医生随即在病历卡上写下:家属拒绝手术,一切后果自负。

家属问:“有哪些后果需要自负?”

医生说:“阑尾炎感染不能控制会导致阑尾穿孔,还不能控制会导致腹膜炎,甚至败血症,最后可能死亡。”

家属惊讶的说:“你的意思是我们开刀是死,不开刀也是死,叫我们来就是选一个死法。”

作为医患沟通中的一个环节,术前谈话很多医生是自学成材的,才会出现以上场景。当然有医生会说家属不信任医生,如果信任,签字就好了。我说医生要小心,就算家属当时很爽气的签字了,之后就没有问题了?大量的纠纷背后其实就是医患双方没有真正达成一致。作为具有专业优势的医生更应该掌握如何与患者、家属的沟通技巧,才能让他们与你一起对抗疾病。相反,你容易让自己陷入与他们的对立面。

术前谈话的5R原则很有必要分享一下。

Result--如果不手术,会导致怎样的结果

很多老百姓没有学过生理、病理等,不知道病情的转变会怎样、何时转变,甚至看不到最坏的结果,而医生你是学过的,甚至都看到过各式各样的情况。所以开始谈话时,要先描述该患者目前情况,以及如果不治疗,接下来会发生哪些状况。譬如择期的胆囊炎手术,可以描述患者之前胆囊炎发作的情形,甚至描述如果再感染,控制不了就会导致哪些严重后果。而对于那些现在看上去状况良好,譬如动脉瘤,你知道不及时处理,说不定死亡就几分钟的事。一定要让家属“看到”这样的后果。这个阶段沟通的时间标准主要看家属是否明白患者不治疗情况就会越来越差。

Recommendation—你推荐什么样的手术方案,会帮助到患者什么

当家属问接下来该怎么办的时候,就到了这一步。手术方案有点像一个你的产品,推销你的产品主要不是解释产品是什么(老百姓不一定能听懂),而是突出该手术能为患者带来什么好处。好处多是两种,一个是解除病情苦恼,一种是减缓病情的发展,譬如说阑尾炎手术,手术好了就和常人无异。譬如说肿瘤手术,手术好了还要看其他情况进展。这些都是你能想到的,难点在对方是否也这么想,或者说你是否知道对方是如何想的?这里需要你说完后,多听听对方的意见。小心:对方不够专业不代表对方不可以有意见。

Risk—不同的治疗方案都有风险,对方能承担哪种

当对方有异议时,说明对方关注点不在手术带来的好处,而是风险。因此你需要调整你的沟通重点,告知对方相关的风险,尤其对方提出其他方案,或让你提供其他方案时,你也要强调不同方案有不同的风险,风险孰大孰小,孰高孰低,你要给对方排个序。譬如羊水栓塞,发生率低,但死亡率高。不过你需要注意的是每个方案风险都有,是为了让对方选一个方案,不是让对方放弃治疗。因此你还是需要把家属往患者向好的地方考虑,也就是让家属明白,想要患者好起来,必须要承担一定的风险。

Rights—对方有权利决定是否手术

有些医生比患者、家属还急,好像不做手术,天都会塌下来。医生的职责首先是你是否做到了告知义务,其次你是否告诉对方除了你推荐的方案还有哪些方案,最后对方是否清楚每个方案的优缺点,这样才可以让对方进行选择。医生没有办法强迫家属签字,只有影响对方的决定。一般的医生能做到告知,沟通好的医生就能在告知的同时影响家属的决策,这其中的差别在于沟通能力强的医生清楚的知道对方想要什么。根据对方的需求调整自己的说法,甚至一起制定方案。这样才能让对方和你站在一个战壕里。

Responsibility--对方应承担的责任有哪些

患者的康复或者是否想康复,不仅仅是身体上的,还有精神上的。当患者进手术室前,患者心情可能紧张、害怕、担心等等。这时患者最需要的是Ta亲近的人关心和照顾。这些事医生是代替不了的,需要家属来完成。还有某些大家庭,可能签字的是这个家属,还有其他家属没有参加谈话,需要由对方来传达,你也需要给对方一些方法或技巧,避免信息传递时偏差。甚至从整个病程看,手术只是治疗的一部分,你还需要关照对方在其他生活方面的改变,配合治疗的顺利开展,譬如某些指标术后如何进行检测,生活上哪些地方需要调整或改善,帮助患者尽快康复等等。

通过以上5个方面的原则,医生描述了疾病可能导致的后果、推荐了手术方案、告知了风险和选项、让对方决定、最后让对方承担相应的责任,这样才算是一个有计划的术前谈话,即所谓的打有准备之仗。

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    2018-06-08 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2016-01-13 Lynee劲飞扬

    学会了

    0

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    2016-01-11 medsic

    嗯,

    0

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    2016-01-11 medsic

    好文章,

    0

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    2016-01-11 medsic

    感谢分享~

    0

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    2015-10-08 hlycom3356

    这篇文章写得很好

    0

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    2015-08-05 hlycom3356

    医生对病人的讲话的确应该委婉点

    0

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    2015-08-05 hlycom3356

    的确很实用

    0

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    2015-08-01 I+am+super

    可以

    0

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