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小儿支气管异物取出术中异物形成单向活瓣致心率下降1例

2019-01-21 王程昱 宋潇 杨希革 广西医学

患儿,女性,13个月,体重10kg,诊断为左侧支气管异物,病程3d,异物为熟鸡蛋,拟急诊静吸复合麻醉联合气管内表面麻醉下行支气管镜气管异物取出术。

小儿气管异物的急诊手术风险较大,麻醉风险高,且每个病例都存在不同的病情变化及风险。本文报告1例在小儿气管异物取出术中异物形成单向活瓣导致患儿心脏搏动受限,从而导致患儿心率下降的病例,并结合相关文献,分析其临床特点及诊治方法,为类似突发情况提供参考。
 
1.临床资料
 
患儿,女性,13个月,体重10kg,诊断为左侧支气管异物,病程3d,异物为熟鸡蛋,拟急诊静吸复合麻醉联合气管内表面麻醉下行支气管镜气管异物取出术。
 
入院查体:左侧呼吸音粗糙,左下肺呼吸音减弱;无明显发绀、呼吸困难。术前禁食、禁水6h。麻醉方法:6%七氟醚(丸石制药株式会社,批号:71101)预充回路1.5~2min(新鲜气流量5L/min),患儿入室后给予面罩吸入麻醉诱导,待患儿意识消失后护士建立静脉通路,随后关闭吸入麻醉药。
 
静脉给予地塞米松(遂成药业股份有限公司,批号:1612071)2mg、芬太尼(宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,批号:1170403A1)1μg/kg以及1%丙泊酚(北京费森尤斯卡比医药有限公司,批号:16LE7779)2.5~3mg/kg,然后以8mg/(kg·min)的速度持续泵注丙泊酚维持麻醉。3min后选择合适喉镜片暴露咽喉部,用2%利多卡因喷雾(河北天成药业,批号:1170327101)依次对舌根、会厌舌面和声门进行表面麻醉,然后将喉麻管轻柔送过声门,气管内注入2%利多卡因1ml,面罩加压通气至患儿自主呼吸恢复后开始置入支气管镜行异物取出术。此时患儿心率120次/min,血压80/40mmHg,血氧饱和度99%。
 
手术开始后,患儿无体动、呛咳及屏气,麻醉效果理想。探查患儿左侧支气管时,发现在左主支气管开口处下方有一类似鸡蛋花样异物,此时患儿有轻度体动,并且有轻微屏气,血氧饱和度下降到93%,但仍有自主呼吸。进一步探查左侧支气管异物,当支气管镜进入左主支气管后,患儿屏气明显,口唇发绀,自主呼吸停止,心率有下降趋势,血氧饱和度下降至50%。
 
立即撤出支气管镜,给予面罩加压通气,但血氧饱和度无回升,心率下降到30次/min。立即静脉给予阿托品(天津金耀药业有限公司,批号:1703271)0.1mg,同时实施胸外按压,频率为110次/min;约30s后患儿心率逐渐上升到130次/min,血氧饱和度上升到99%,口唇颜色转为红润。加深麻醉后再次开始手术,顺利、快速取出鸡蛋样异物,再次支气管镜探查双侧支气管确认无异物,听诊患侧肺呼吸音明显改善,手术结束。给予面罩吸氧30min后患儿出现明显体动,有明显吞咽及呛咳反射,停止吸氧3min后血氧饱和度能始终维持90%以上,转入耳鼻喉术后监护病房。
 
术后第1天随访,患儿口唇红润,无呼吸困难,听诊患侧呼吸音肺与术前比较明显增强。术后第2天患儿出院。
 
2.讨论
 
小儿气管支气管异物取出术对于麻醉医生是一个巨大挑战,儿童的气道即使不发生梗阻也不容易控制,其麻醉的关键是保持患儿的自主呼吸以保证充分氧供,同时需要足够的麻醉深度以抑制咽喉及气管的反射。
 
各种不可预知情况大大增加了术中不确定因素,主要包括:(1)由于小儿入室后伴有紧张、恐惧心理,剧烈的哭喊会增加口腔及呼吸道分泌物,甚至引起异物位置改变;(2)术中既要保证足够的麻醉深度,又要保持患儿自主呼吸;(3)气管内表麻时注入局麻药剂量不合适会引起患儿剧烈呛咳、屏气、甚至气道痉挛及梗阻;(4)将异物钳夹出来时发生异物脱落,增加了总气道异物的发生风险;(5)部分患儿由于病程较长,术后肺内持续分泌大量脓性分泌物,可导致出现呼吸功能不全等。
 
本例患儿在术中进一步探查患侧支气管异物时出现明显的呼吸道梗阻、痉挛的症状,经面罩加压通气后症状反而加重,并伴有心率急剧下降,分析其原因可能主要为:医生探查异物时,无意导致鸡蛋样异物在左主支气管内形成一单向活瓣,加压通气时气体能够进入左侧肺,但是无法呼出,导致气体在患儿左侧支气管内迅速积存,影响患儿心脏正常收缩与舒张功能,心率明显下降;而当胸外按压时,积存的气体在压力作用下冲开异物形成的单向活瓣排出气管,对心脏的挤压限制作用消失,心脏开始正常的舒张与收缩,同时在提高氧合及静脉给予阿托品等综合作用下,患儿心率得到明显改善。
 
其他原因可能包括:(1)气管内注入局麻药改变了异物的位置,或是没有吸收的局麻药与异物一起形成了气管内梗阻;(2)异物阻碍了气管内表麻药利多卡因在左主支气管内的扩散、左主支气管内表麻不足、静脉麻醉深度稍微偏浅等原因导致探查时发生了急性支气管痉挛。
 
小儿气管异物取出术麻醉风险高,且每个病例随着异物种类、病程、年龄、体重、气管内表麻药用量、静脉麻醉药用量的不同而有更多的病情变化及风险。有效的监护、充分的准备、妥善的麻醉用药、有效充分的供氧及与术者的默契配合是该手术麻醉成功的关键。麻醉医生要对每个病例有比较准确的预判,制订个体化麻醉及急救方案,遇到突发情况应结合病历特点冷静做出处理。
 
原始出处:

王程昱,宋潇,杨希革, 等.小儿支气管异物取出术中异物形成单向活瓣致心率下降1例报告[J].广西医学,2018,(2):220-221. 

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    2019-01-25 lietome24

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!

    0

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    2019-01-22 Janeinair

    看来取每个东西医生都的考虑形态功能问题

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892189, encodeId=536518921898c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b445e1232d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支气管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57123, encryptionId=1b445e1232d, topicName=支气管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Sun Jul 14 07:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359204, encodeId=3aa135920405, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eb131638261, createdName=lietome24, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 12:04:37 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1570784, encodeId=b42315e0784bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=04755e13965' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支气管异物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57139, encryptionId=04755e13965, topicName=支气管异物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=620a15711102, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Wed Jan 23 11:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358883, encodeId=652335888394, content=看来取每个东西医生都的考虑形态功能问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/01/02/f667a67c6692f1e356c51a346d5b382f.jpg, createdBy=7b7a2515105, createdName=Janeinair, createdTime=Tue Jan 22 07:30:45 CST 2019, time=2019-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358834, encodeId=263b35883409, content=学习了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzTetibytbqFDmFITWHyBWbxU7S9MYibgPSqvu0sYteH0N6zXqbU0Kf3Mbdb7yWM1Kud3zPgYBibE2SZ/0, createdBy=da7696924, createdName=qingfengqishi5, createdTime=Mon Jan 21 21:37:39 CST 2019, time=2019-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-21 qingfengqishi5

    学习了,学习了

    0

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