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规范临床微生物标本采集 助力抗菌药物合理应用

2017-01-10 佚名 辉瑞

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-我国启动首部《临床微生物标本采集标准操作程序可视化教材》编写工作

由国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会、北京协和医学院及中国药师协会联合主办,辉瑞中国提供支持的“临床微生物标本采集标准操作程序(SOP)可视化教材编写”项目(以下简称“项目”)启动仪式在北京举行。该项目将对临床常见感染部位标本采集标准操作程序进行视频拍摄,旨在以更加通俗易懂的方式,帮助临床医生和微生物检验技术人员更加系统和直观地学习和执行相关规范和指南。该教材编写完成后也将成为我国医学检验领域首个推广行业规范的可视化教材。

2016年国家卫生计生委等14部门联合制定的《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2016-2020年)》(以下简称《行动计划》)中,将加强重点培养感染性疾病、临床药学、临床微生物等专业人才及相关人员教育培训视为遏制细菌耐药的主要措施之一。启动会上,国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会办公室副主任刘晓琳表示:“在贯彻落实国家《行动计划》的同时,作为我国从国家层面具体实施的遏制细菌耐药策略和措施之一,该项目填补了我国SOP培训教材可视化的空白,对于抗菌药物应用前病原标本采集及检测规范化操作和感染性疾病的精准化诊疗,以及科学、准确的开展细菌耐药性监测具有重大意义。希望通过此次教材的编写及后期培训,提高临床医生、护士及病人对标本正确采集的理解和认识,掌握正确方法,倡导正确的送检文化,同时,更好地发挥临床微生物专业技术人员在病原诊疗中的作用,提高真正病原检出率的同时降低标本污染率,规范微生物标本的送检流程,提高细菌耐药性监测数据的质量,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供指导,为保障人民群众健康护航,应对细菌耐药带来的风险挑战。”

我国是抗菌药物的生产和使用大国。抗菌药物的广泛应用,在治疗感染性疾病、挽救患者生命及保障公共卫生安全中,发挥了重要作用。与此同时,抗菌药物的不合理应用以及群众合理用药意识较低等诸多因素,导致细菌耐药问题日益突出。北京协和医院感染内科副主任马小军教授指出:“感染性疾病的发生及细菌耐药性的上升,已成为当前全球范围内所共同面临的重要医学问题和社会问题。近几年来,在我国政府统筹规划下及国家卫生计生委医政医管局的正确领导下,全国细菌耐药监测网不断发展和完善,覆盖了全国各省份的两千多所二、三级医疗机构。然而,在我国医疗机构实际临床操作中,不同地区、不同层次的医务人员和实验室技术人员对于微生物标本的正确采集和送检掌握的不够规范,在标准操作流程的执行方面存在较大差异,对感染性疾病的诊断准确性造成很大影响,也影响了细菌耐药性监测结果的真实性和准确性。”

临床微生物学检测在感染性疾病的诊断和治疗中常常能起到决定性作用。北京协和医院检验科主任徐英春教授强调说:“可靠的微生物学检测结果可以指导临床诊断治疗,为临床科学用药和成功的感染控制提供依据,是合理使用抗菌药物、延缓细菌耐药、减少抗菌药物滥用以及监测医院感染的第一步,也是最重要的一步。要准确检出病原菌,避免漏及误诊,临床医护人员及实验室工作人员应该掌握临床微生物标本的正确采集、送检、保存与处理原则和规范程序。一般而言,采集标本的最好时机是在患者病程早期、急性期、且必须在使用抗菌药物之前采集,才能确保病原菌的检出,且应在无菌环境下操作,尽量减少或避免感染部位附近皮肤或者黏膜常居菌群污染和防止外源性细菌污染。需要注意的是,采集标本的量要适中,以免标本量过少导致假阴性结果造成漏诊。”

首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院副院长童朝晖教授认为,当前临床医生送检意识淡薄、送检不规范,极大制约了感染性疾病的病原学诊断过程。与此同时,我国微生物检验常与临床脱节,微生物室不了解患者情况也是限制病原学诊断的又一重要原因。要改善这一现状,临床医生除了提高规范送检意识,还需要与临床微生物专业技术人员建立良好的沟通机制。在规范样本采集、送检优先的基础上,只有保持不同的病区、科室间的持续不断的交流沟通以及多学科间密切协作,共同努力提高病原学诊断水平,才能迎来实现临床与微生物检验的一体化的新局面。这对感染性疾病的诊治和延缓细菌耐药性的产生具有深远意义。

此次SOP可视化教材,以现有的和临床微生物标本采集有关的国家卫生行业标准、国内外专业指南、专家共识和教材为依据,将人体解剖生理部位和临床常见感染类型分为7个部分进行编写及拍摄,内容精准、简练,可操作性强,未来将在指导临床医生及微生物检测人员采集、送检微生物标本规范操作,促进临床抗菌药物合理使用等方面发挥重要作用。

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    2017-01-12 lhlxtx
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