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共识易览:围手术期高血压如何管理?

2016-04-18 指南君 临床麻醉学杂志

围术期高血压是指从确定手术治疗到与本手术有关的治疗基本结束期间内,患者的血压升高幅度大于基础血压的30%,或收缩压≥140mmHg和/或舒张压≥90mmHg 围术期高血压会明显增加心、脑血管事件及死亡率,而良好的围术期高血压管理可减少并发症、降低死亡率及总住院费用。因此,近日,中国心胸血管麻醉学会与北京高血压防治协会联合发布了《围术期高血压管理专家共识》,共识主要对心脏手术、主动脉夹

围术期高血压是指从确定手术治疗到与本手术有关的治疗基本结束期间内,患者的血压升高幅度大于基础血压的30%,或收缩压≥140mmHg和/或舒张压≥90mmHg

围术期高血压会明显增加心、脑血管事件及死亡率,而良好的围术期高血压管理可减少并发症、降低死亡率及总住院费用。因此,近日,中国心胸血管麻醉学会与北京高血压防治协会联合发布了《围术期高血压管理专家共识》,共识主要对心脏手术、主动脉夹层、妊娠期高血压、颅内病变、嗜铬细胞瘤的围术期高血压管理进行了阐述,主要内容如下。

心脏手术围术期高血压管理

1.充分的术前镇静;

2.基本原则是先麻醉后再降压,麻醉应有合适的深度,选择以阿片类药物为主的全身麻醉;

3.体外循环期间维持适当灌注流量。若MAP>90mm Hg应加深麻醉或用降压药物,如乌拉地尔、尼卡地平;

4.术后完善镇痛,消除高血压诱因,根据心功能状况合理控制血压;

5.主动脉瓣膜手术在体外循环转流和术后易发生高血压,可用乌拉地尔、尼卡地平、硝普钠处理;对合并心肌肥厚的患者应维持血压在较高水平。二尖瓣成形术后应控制收缩压<120mmHg;

6.冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期应维持较高的灌注压,MAP>70mmHg,避免降压过程中HR增快,保持MAP(mmHg)/HR>1。不建议用硝普钠控制血压,以免引起冠脉窃血;

7.动脉导管结扎术在结扎导管时将收缩压降至70~80mmHg或血压降低不超过基础水平的40%,应注意术后高血压反跳,及时给予镇静、乌拉地尔、β受体阻滞剂或钙通道阻断剂等治疗

主动脉夹层围术期高血压管理

1. 术前积极控制血压及降低心室收缩力,防止夹层假腔扩张、撕裂的前提下,尽可能保证组织器官灌注;

2. 充分镇痛的同时,尽快将收缩压控制到100~120mmmmHg,心率尽量控制在50~60次/分;

3. 药物治疗的基本原则:快速、平稳、联合用药。首选β受体阻滞剂,或联合应用乌拉地尔、硝普钠等血管扩张剂(表1);

4. 在遵循基本原则的同时,对于不同类型的主动脉夹层应注意差异化和个体化治疗:A型应更积极地将心率、血压控制在上述达标水平,以防止夹层破裂,确保患者生命安全,并在此基础上尽快进行外科手术治疗。B型目前多主张一周后再行大血管覆膜支架术,围术期的血压控制则应根据个体的年龄、既往血压水平、有无脑卒中病史、肝肾功能状况及夹层累及脏器分支血管的程度等具体情况,将血压控制在保证重要脏器血流灌注的最低水平。有创动脉测压应建立在肢体动脉未受累及的那侧,以保证血压监测的真实准确。如需置换主动脉弓,应双侧桡动脉测压,以判断脑或体循环灌注压;

5.术后为保证组织器官的灌注应维持较高水平的血压

妊娠期高血压围术期高血压管理

1. 妊娠期高血压的管理应重视药物的使用对母体和胎儿的双重影响。因胎盘无自动调节血压功能,降压过程力求平稳,不能过快、过度,在控制血压同时应注意补充容量,以免影响胎儿血供。常用降压药物有乌拉地尔钙通道阻滞剂,慎用硝普钠;

2. 围术期血压不宜高于治疗前水平,避免发生高血压危象,高血压脑病或脑卒中。另一方面,为保证胎盘血流灌注,血压不低于130/80mmHg;

3. 应注意降压药物与镇静药物、解痉药(如硫酸镁)的相互作用

颅内病变围术期高血压管理

1. 颅内病变引起的高血压常见原因有颅脑外伤、脑出血、颅脑肿瘤及颅内感染等,尤其以颅脑外伤及脑出血常见。其共同特点多因颅内压升高引起高血压,此外,部分垂体肿瘤可导致水钠潴留而引起高血压,脑干血管活动中枢损伤或占位也可导致高血压;

2. 关于自发性脑出血血压管理目标,我国参考AHA/ASA2015版指南,并结合中国实际情况建议:

(1) 收缩压在150~220mmHg和无急性降压治疗禁忌证的脑出血患者,急性期收缩压降至140mmHg是安全的(Ⅰ类,A级证据),且能有效改善功能结局(Ⅱa类,B级证据)
(2) 收缩压>220mmHg的脑出血患者,连续静脉用药强化降低血压和频繁血压监测是合理的(Ⅱb类,C级证据)但在临床实践中应根据患者高血压病史的长短、基础血压值、颅内压情况及入院时的血压情况个体化决定降压目标
(3) 为了防止过度降压导致脑灌注压不足,可在入院时高血压基础上每日降压15%~20%,这种分布阶梯式的降压方法可供参考。脑出血急性期推荐静脉给予快速降压药物,可选择乌拉地尔、拉贝洛尔、盐酸艾司洛尔、依那普利等;

3. 重症动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血管理专家共识(2015)建议:

(1)目前尚不明确能够降低动脉瘤再出血风险的最佳血压水平,动脉瘤处理前可将收缩压控制在140~160mmHg(中等质量证据,强推荐)。
(2)处理动脉瘤后,应参考患者的基础血压,合理调整目标值,避免低血压造成的脑缺血(低质量证据,弱推荐);

4. 降低血压同时应保证脑灌注压(CPP)≥60mmHg;

5. 一切有利于降低颅内压的措施,如限制液体入量、利尿、巴比妥类镇静、过度通气等均有助于降低血压。对机械通气的患者,应维持PaCO2在30~35mmHg,以利于降低颅内压;

6. 避免应用可能增高颅内压的降压药物,优先选用乌拉地尔。

嗜铬细胞瘤围术期高血压管理

1. 术前应积极抗高血压治疗同时补充容量,最终目标为术前24h内未出现血压>160/90mmHg;未发生血压<80/45mm Hg及体位性低血压;术前1周ECG无ST段或T波改变;无频发性室性早搏;

2. α肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂为术前控制血压的主要药物,以酚苄明、酚妥拉明最为常用。β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂是控制心率的常用药物,但切忌在未使用α受体阻滞剂时单独使用,以免出现仅阻滞β受体的血管扩张作用后加重肾上腺素作用于α受体所导致的血压剧增;

3. 术中一旦血压超过基础血压1/3或达到200mmHg时,除分析、排除诱发原因外,应立即采取降压措施,同时提示外科医师暂停手术操作。常用药物为酚妥拉明、乌拉地尔、硝普钠。若同时心率>100次/分,可静脉注射β受体阻滞剂;

4. 术中应尽量避免使用刺激交感神经系统的药物(如麻黄碱、氯胺酮等)、抑制副交感神经系统的药物、引起组胺释放的药物(如吗啡、阿曲库铵、氟哌利多等)

以上内容节选自:中国心胸血管麻醉学会等,围术期高血压管理专家共识,临床麻醉学杂志.2016,32(3):295-297.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053739, encodeId=f7c12053e390a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f5a54442a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54442, encryptionId=8f5a54442a1, topicName=手术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85238, encodeId=fe4585238c7, content=越来越完善, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=172d1721528, createdName=QQ6709219e, createdTime=Tue May 10 10:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83476, encodeId=372b834e673, content=这项共识太重要了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sun May 01 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79422, encodeId=5fcae942213, content=不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 00:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79363, encodeId=5188e936304, content=值得学习,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=387d1660055, createdName=dhzzm, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053739, encodeId=f7c12053e390a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f5a54442a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54442, encryptionId=8f5a54442a1, topicName=手术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85238, encodeId=fe4585238c7, content=越来越完善, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=172d1721528, createdName=QQ6709219e, createdTime=Tue May 10 10:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83476, encodeId=372b834e673, content=这项共识太重要了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sun May 01 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79422, encodeId=5fcae942213, content=不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 00:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79363, encodeId=5188e936304, content=值得学习,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=387d1660055, createdName=dhzzm, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-10 QQ6709219e

    越来越完善

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053739, encodeId=f7c12053e390a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f5a54442a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54442, encryptionId=8f5a54442a1, topicName=手术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85238, encodeId=fe4585238c7, content=越来越完善, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=172d1721528, createdName=QQ6709219e, createdTime=Tue May 10 10:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83476, encodeId=372b834e673, content=这项共识太重要了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sun May 01 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79422, encodeId=5fcae942213, content=不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 00:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79363, encodeId=5188e936304, content=值得学习,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=387d1660055, createdName=dhzzm, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-01 lshanp

    这项共识太重要了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053739, encodeId=f7c12053e390a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f5a54442a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54442, encryptionId=8f5a54442a1, topicName=手术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85238, encodeId=fe4585238c7, content=越来越完善, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=172d1721528, createdName=QQ6709219e, createdTime=Tue May 10 10:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83476, encodeId=372b834e673, content=这项共识太重要了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sun May 01 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79422, encodeId=5fcae942213, content=不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 00:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79363, encodeId=5188e936304, content=值得学习,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=387d1660055, createdName=dhzzm, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-19 李继凯

    不错的文章

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2053739, encodeId=f7c12053e390a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f5a54442a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54442, encryptionId=8f5a54442a1, topicName=手术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85238, encodeId=fe4585238c7, content=越来越完善, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=172d1721528, createdName=QQ6709219e, createdTime=Tue May 10 10:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83476, encodeId=372b834e673, content=这项共识太重要了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210704/cdd1076905df433c93873ae6d3d51aef/eae5c73864694494acb8435eb7d2e9bb.jpg, createdBy=ec7b92572, createdName=lshanp, createdTime=Sun May 01 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79422, encodeId=5fcae942213, content=不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 00:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79363, encodeId=5188e936304, content=值得学习,很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=387d1660055, createdName=dhzzm, createdTime=Mon Apr 18 15:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-18 dhzzm

    值得学习,很好

    0

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