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经气管切开处支气管异物取出麻醉管理1例

2020-06-29 张镇城 张婵 于美华 西南国防医药

病例男,68岁,因“喉癌切除术后2个月,畏寒、发热、头痛4d”入院。气切导管在位,咳嗽、痰多,呈黄色,体温最高39.2℃。既往有低血压病史,长期吸烟史。胸部听诊:左下肺可闻及少

病例男,68岁,因“喉癌切除术后2个月,畏寒、发热、头痛4d”入院。气切导管在位,咳嗽、痰多,呈黄色,体温最高39.2℃。既往有低血压病史,长期吸烟史。胸部听诊:左下肺可闻及少量湿性啰音。

CT检查示:左下肺支气管异物(图1)并左肺下叶大叶性肺炎,左侧少量胸腔积液;血常规:白细胞16.47×109/L,嗜中性粒细胞绝对值12.74×109/L;C-反应蛋白89mg/L,余无明显异常。拟行“经气管切开处硬性支气管镜异物取出术”。


入室后心电监护示,血压88/60mmHg、心率86次/min、SpO2 95%。常规吸氧、开放外周静脉,静注地塞米松5mg,静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/(kg·h);取出气切导管,嘱患者深呼吸,吸气时经气管切开处喷入1%丁卡因,反复多次,使气管黏膜充分麻醉。手术开始前5min,给予舒芬太尼5μg;手术开始前静脉泵注瑞芬太尼5μg/(kg·h)、丙泊酚50μg/(kg·h)。术中根据呼吸、心率、血压、体动反应调整右美托咪定、瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚用量。因患者基础血压较低,持续泵注多巴胺维持血压至基础水平。硬性支气管镜连接给氧管,给予氧气5L/min。

当硬性支气管镜进入左侧支气管后,患者出现体动反应,退出硬性支气管镜至主气管,通过硬性吸引头对准左侧支气管开口注入1%丁卡因0.5ml,并连接高频喷射通气机通气,完善左侧支气管表麻。硬性支气管镜逐渐深入并再次喷入丁卡因,直至进入左下肺支气管。在左下支气管底部发现一片状骨样异物,以异物钳钳住异物,支气管镜同步退出,取出异物,骨样异物大小约2 cm×1 cm×0.3 cm(图2)。

术中保留自主呼吸,当SpO2低于90%时,经硬质支气管镜给予高频喷射通气,手术过程顺利,无因血氧饱和度下降而暂停手术改机械通气。手术历时110min,术中呼吸12~20次/min,心率60~80次/min,血压85~95/40~60mmHg,SpO285%~100%。术后继续抗感染治疗,于术后第5d痊愈出院,无麻醉相关并发症。

讨论

低氧血症、心律失常、高碳酸血症、支气管痉挛等是支气管异物取出术常见并发症。本例患者高龄且有长期吸烟史,CT提示左肺下叶大叶性肺炎并少量胸腔积液,氧储备功能较差,而且麻醉通气与手术共用气道,保证呼吸道通畅和充分氧供是手术顺利完成的基本条件。

经气管切开处放置硬性支气管镜刺激相对较小,肌肉松弛要求不高,完善的表面麻醉和适当的镇静、镇痛下保留自主呼吸,可以最大程度减少并发症的发生。经气管切开处喷入丁卡因,总气管表面麻醉效果好,但支气管表面麻醉并不理想。而经硬性吸引头对准支气管开口注入丁卡因,并使用高频喷射通气将丁卡因带入支气管,可以完善支气管表面麻醉,使硬性支气管镜顺利进入左下支气管。本例持续泵注右美托咪定,提高患者的耐受性,更好配合气管表面麻醉,并减少全麻药物的用量,减轻对呼吸的抑制。

原始出处:

张镇城,张婵,于美华,何丽云,张文龙.经气管切开处支气管异物取出麻醉管理1例[J].西南国防医药,2019,29(07):810.

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