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小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单

2016-12-21 北京大学国际医院 陈姣 医学界儿科频道

佝偻病是婴幼儿时期常见的一种慢性疾病,是由于钙磷代谢异常引起骨矿化不全所致,初期可表现为夜惊、多汗、枕凸,随后逐渐出现骨骼发育方面的问题,比如颅骨软化、手足镯、方颅、肋骨串珠、胸廓畸形、O形或X形腿,一些宝宝还表现为出牙晚,囟门闭合延迟,有的宝宝在病程中由于低钙还可出现抽搐。典型的X片表现可见长骨干骺端增宽,成杯口状,边缘毛糙;血生化可见血钙、血磷降低,碱性磷酸酶升高;25-羟维生素D及1,2

佝偻病是婴幼儿时期常见的一种慢性疾病,是由于钙磷代谢异常引起骨矿化不全所致,初期可表现为夜惊、多汗、枕凸,随后逐渐出现骨骼发育方面的问题,比如颅骨软化、手足镯、方颅、肋骨串珠、胸廓畸形、O形或X形腿,一些宝宝还表现为出牙晚,囟门闭合延迟,有的宝宝在病程中由于低钙还可出现抽搐。典型的X片表现可见长骨干骺端增宽,成杯口状,边缘毛糙;血生化可见血钙、血磷降低,碱性磷酸酶升高;25-羟维生素D及1,25-二羟维生素D水平可出现异常。


在人体中,钙磷代谢的调节主要依赖于维生素D及PTH的作用。维生素D既可以升高血钙,又可以升高血磷。皮下储存的7-脱氢胆固醇受紫外线照射后可转变为维生素D3,加上我们从食物中摄取的维生素,它们被运载到肝脏被羟化成为25-OH-VD,之后再被输送到肾脏进行第2次羟化成为活性最强的1,25-(OH)2VD。PTH主要由甲状旁腺分泌,也可以升高血钙,却会降低血磷。


绝大多数佝偻病是由于维生素D缺乏引起的,也叫做营养性佝偻病。这类佝偻病多在6月—2岁期间发病,患儿多有日照不足的病史,也没有规律补充维生素D或者鱼肝油,因此出现了维生素D缺乏导致血钙及血磷的降低,一般会刺激PTH分泌增多,这类宝宝查血会发现血磷和25-OH-VD明显降低,血钙正常或稍低。诊断营养性佝偻病最重要的依据是维生素D治疗有效,如果治疗1月后复查血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶等生化指标都恢复正常,长骨X片上前面提到的典型表现也明显恢复的话那就支持我们的诊断。然而,当患儿规范应用维生素D治疗效果不好时,我们就需要考虑考虑其他能够引起佝偻病的原因了。


一、低血磷抗维生素D佝偻病


这是最常见的抗维生素D佝偻病,多为X连锁显性遗传,女孩患病多于男孩。主要机制为肾小管回吸收磷障碍以及25-OH-VD转化为1,25-(OH)2VD的部分缺陷,导致尿磷增加,血磷降低,骨质矿化不全。患儿多在1岁-2岁起病,因走路不稳或者下肢弯曲就诊,血生化可见钙正常,磷降低,24小时尿电解质可见磷排出增多,25-OH-VD水平正常,1,25-(OH)2VD水平可降低。怀疑该病的患儿可行肾小管回吸收磷实验及肠磷负荷实验,如果肾小管回吸收磷率有2次低于85%则可以诊断,治疗主要为补充磷酸盐及活性维生素D。


二、维生素D依赖性佝偻病


分为两型,I型是1a-羟化酶缺陷引起1,25-(OH)2VD生成受阻,因此25-OH-VD水平升高,1,25-(OH)2VD水平降低。II型是由于1,25-(OH)2VD受体缺陷导致其不能很好的发挥功能,因此25-OH-VD 及1,25-(OH)2VD水平均偏高。两种类型患儿均起病早,超过1岁仍不能站立或者不会走路,佝偻病症状严重,可合并无热惊厥。血生化可见血钙及血磷均明显低于正常。I型患儿还可有高氨基酸尿,II型患儿的一个重要特征是毛发稀少。治疗主要依靠活性维生素D,其中II型需要加大剂量。


三、远端肾小管酸中毒


该疾病多为常染色体显性遗传,由于远端肾小管分泌H+障碍引起的酸中毒。患儿起病早,多有家族史,临床上可有多饮多尿、喂养困难、生长发育迟缓及佝偻病表现,查血可见低钾、高氯、低磷、代谢性酸中毒,血钙正常或偏低,尿常规提示碱性尿,尿钙升高,腹部B超还可见到双肾钙化。因此,小宝宝反复代酸合并佝偻病表现及肾脏钙化一定要想到肾小管酸中毒哦。治疗方面主要为口服枸橼酸合剂及活性维生素D。


四、范可尼综合征


为常染色体隐性遗传少见疾病,是由于近端肾小管受损导致钙、磷、碳酸氢根、钾、钠、糖、蛋白质、氨基酸等多种物质回吸收障碍而发病。患儿多在1岁以内起病,表现为多饮多尿、反复呕吐、喂养困难、脱水及佝偻病表现。查血可发现低钾、高氯、低磷及代谢性酸中毒,血钠及血钙正常或稍低,24小时尿可见钾、钠、钙、磷均排除增多,还合并肾性糖尿。部分患儿组织中可有胱氨酸沉积,如眼底检查可见到胱氨酸结晶。治疗方面主要也是口服枸橼酸合剂及活性维生素D。


五、肝性佝偻病


是由于肝功能异常引起的25-OH-VD生成不足引起。患儿多起病较晚,存在胆汁淤积性肝硬化、肝豆状核变性等原发肝脏疾病。生化可见血钙、血磷降低,碱性磷酸酶升高,25-OH-VD水平明显降低等佝偻病性表现外还存在转氨酶升高、胆红素升高,白蛋白降低等肝功能异常表现,肝豆状核变性患儿还存在铜蓝蛋白降低。治疗方面以治疗肝脏原发病及补充维生素D为主。


六、肾性佝偻病


也叫做肾性骨营养障碍,其机制有三方面:25-OH-VD转化为1,25-(OH)2VD这个过程受影响;尿磷排出障碍使肠磷排出增多导致肠道钙吸收不良;血磷升高导致血钙降低。患儿多存在先天性肾发育不全、多囊肾、慢性肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎等原发肾脏疾病。患儿佝偻病症状出现晚,年长儿多因下肢疼痛或者O形腿出现才来就诊。有些患儿会合并有高血压、水肿、夜尿增多等表现,血生化可见血钙明显降低,血磷升高,血尿素氮及肌酐升高。治疗方面以治疗原发肾脏疾病,避免使用肾毒性药物以延缓肾衰进展,并补充活性维生素D。


虽然营养性维生素D缺乏是引起小儿佝偻病最常见的原因,但随着我国佝偻病防治政策的推行以及科学育儿知识的普及,维生素D缺乏引起佝偻病所占的比例逐年下降。因此,在临床工作中遇到佝偻病时应该发散思维,全面鉴别,避免误诊。

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    2016-12-22 1e1b1150m51(暂无匿称)

    长见识了

    0

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    2016-12-21 䖝二

    学习了!谢谢分享!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341357, encodeId=d658134135e98, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=001d26e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#佝偻病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26784, encryptionId=001d26e84b9, topicName=佝偻病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164832, encodeId=2aa41648328e, content=长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19061994286, createdName=1e1b1150m51(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Dec 22 08:54:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164747, encodeId=c12f164e4710, content=学习了!谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4PNicOvbHfgIficrsEKztlD5yv1UnCFhnFmFU9yv1RHLflMRibWrppbsiccfMB8tT9HCkAr3zL2zVml/0, createdBy=89da1604922, createdName=䖝二, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 23:39:18 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164726, encodeId=e6f5164e2625, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:13:03 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164725, encodeId=754f164e25d2, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:12:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164724, encodeId=b3f6164e2453, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:12:49 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-21 ann y

    小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341357, encodeId=d658134135e98, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=001d26e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#佝偻病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26784, encryptionId=001d26e84b9, topicName=佝偻病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164832, encodeId=2aa41648328e, content=长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19061994286, createdName=1e1b1150m51(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Dec 22 08:54:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164747, encodeId=c12f164e4710, content=学习了!谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4PNicOvbHfgIficrsEKztlD5yv1UnCFhnFmFU9yv1RHLflMRibWrppbsiccfMB8tT9HCkAr3zL2zVml/0, createdBy=89da1604922, createdName=䖝二, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 23:39:18 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164726, encodeId=e6f5164e2625, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:13:03 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164725, encodeId=754f164e25d2, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:12:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164724, encodeId=b3f6164e2453, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:12:49 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-21 ann y

    小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341357, encodeId=d658134135e98, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=001d26e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#佝偻病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26784, encryptionId=001d26e84b9, topicName=佝偻病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164832, encodeId=2aa41648328e, content=长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19061994286, createdName=1e1b1150m51(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Dec 22 08:54:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164747, encodeId=c12f164e4710, content=学习了!谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4PNicOvbHfgIficrsEKztlD5yv1UnCFhnFmFU9yv1RHLflMRibWrppbsiccfMB8tT9HCkAr3zL2zVml/0, createdBy=89da1604922, createdName=䖝二, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 23:39:18 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164726, encodeId=e6f5164e2625, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:13:03 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164725, encodeId=754f164e25d2, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:12:55 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164724, encodeId=b3f6164e2453, content=小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 22:12:49 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-21 ann y

    小儿佝偻病:不止维生素D缺乏那么简单

    0

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