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Science:研究揭秘细胞永生化和癌症形成的“两步”过程!

2017-08-18 MedSci MedSci原创

有助于使细胞不死的突变对肿瘤的发展至关重要,但加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的新研究表明,成为不朽的过程比原来想象的更为复杂。

有助于使细胞不死的突变对肿瘤的发展至关重要,但加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的新研究表明,成为不朽的过程比原来想象的更为复杂。

永生化的关键是一种称为端粒酶的酶,可以使染色体在经常分裂的细胞中保持健康。该酶延长染色体末端的帽或端粒,每个细胞分裂期间它们脱落。

当端粒太短时,端点相互粘连,细胞分裂时会造成破坏,大多数情况下会杀死细胞。 20世纪80年代,加州大学伯克利分校的伊丽莎白·布莱克本(Elizabeth Blackburn)和加州大学伯克利分校的卡罗尔·格里德(Carol Greider)和哈佛大学的约翰·索斯塔克(John Szostak)在染色体末端补充端粒酶及其作用,在2009年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

由于端粒随着细胞年龄的增长而缩短,科学家们认为,通常不会产生细胞的端粒酶,使得这些细胞无限期地保持长端粒,从而使癌细胞(从未老化)变得永生化。估计有90%的恶性肿瘤使用端粒酶实现永生,各种提出的癌症治疗都侧重于降低肿瘤中端粒酶的产生。

新研究研究了使用基因组工程细胞在培养物中进行的永生化过程,并且随着皮肤细胞从痣进化为恶性黑素瘤,这表明端粒酶在癌症中起着更为复杂的作用。

资深作者Dirk Hockemeyer说:“我们的研究结果对于如何考虑将癌症和端粒酶作为治疗靶点的最早的过程有所了解,也意味着端粒生物学在癌症发展的早期阶段的作用已被极大地忽视。 “我们在黑色素瘤中发现的其他癌症类型很可能是正确的,这也就意味着人们会更加仔细地观察早期端粒缩短作为癌症的肿瘤抑制机制的作用。”

结果将在8月17日在线报道为“科学”杂志的“第一版”出版物上出现。

从痣到癌症

Hockemeyer及其加州大学伯克利分校的同事们与皮肤病理学家Boris Bastian及其在UCSF的同事合作,发现永生化是一个两步的过程,最初由端粒酶突变引起,但水平很低。该突变位于端粒酶基因上游的一个启动子(称为TERT),调节端粒酶产生多少。四年前,研究人员报告说,大约70%的恶性黑素瘤在TERT启动子中具有相同的突变。

霍奇迈尔表示,TERT启动子突变不能产生足够的端粒末端使前癌细胞永生化,但会延缓正常的细胞衰老,允许更多的时间进行更多的端粒酶转化。他怀疑端粒酶水平足以延长最短的端粒,但不能使它们长久健康。

如果细胞未能转化端粒酶,它们也不能永生化,并且最终由短端粒死亡,因为染色体粘在一起,然后在细胞分裂时破碎。具有TERT启动子突变的细胞更可能上调端粒酶,这使得尽管端粒末端短,但它们仍能继续生长。

然而,Hockemeyer说,端粒酶水平是边缘的,导致存活的突变细胞中的一些未受保护的染色体末端,这可能导致突变和进一步肿瘤形成。

“在我们的论文之前,人们可以认为,在TERT启动子中仅获得这一个突变就足以使细胞永生化,任何时候发生这种情况的时候,端粒缩短被取出,”霍克迈耶说。 “我们显示TERT启动子突变不能立即足以阻止端粒缩短。”

然而,仍然不清楚什么导致端粒酶的最终上调使细胞永生化。 Hockemeyer说,它不可能是另一个突变,而是影响端粒酶基因表达的表观遗传变化,或转录因子或其他结合端粒酶基因上游启动子的调节蛋白表达的变化。

“然而,我们有证据表明,第二步必须发生,第二步是由端粒起源于正在发生的端粒短缺,并且端粒可能功能失调并促使基因组不稳定。”

虽然大多数癌症似乎需要端粒酶变得不死,但只有约10%至20%的癌症已知在端粒酶基因上游的启动子中具有单核苷酸变化。然而,这些包括大约70%的黑素瘤和50%的所有肝和膀胱癌。

Hockemeyer说,支持TERT启动子突变上调端粒酶的理论的证据一直是矛盾的:癌细胞倾向于具有短端粒的染色体,但具有更高水平的端粒酶,其应该产生更长的端粒。

根据新的理论,端粒在癌前期细胞中很短,因为端粒酶刚好足够维持而不延长端粒。

“我们的发现调和了有关携带这些突变的癌症的相互矛盾的信息,”霍克迈耶说。

该发现还解决了另一个最近的直觉性发现:端粒较短的人更能抵抗黑色素瘤。他说,原因是如果一个TERT启动子突变会引起癌前病变 - 痣或痣 - 向黑色素瘤,那么在端粒短的人中,在细胞死亡之前死亡的机会会更大,才能调节端粒酶和使细胞永生化。

该研究还涉及从人多能干细胞分化的细胞工程化TERT启动子突变。结果与在UCSF的Helen Diller家族综合癌症中心的患者中获得的人类皮肤损伤中观察到的进展相同,并在Bastian指导的临床癌症基因组学实验室中进行研究检查。

原始出处:Kunitoshi Chiba, Franziska K. Lorbeer, A. Hunter Shain, et al. Mutations in the promoter of the telomerase gene TERT contribute to tumorigenesis by a two-step mechanism. Science  17 Aug 2017:eaao0535

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    2018-12-30 kafei

    学习了谢谢

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    2017-08-22 方舒

    学习

    0

  3. 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createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sat Aug 19 00:06:49 CST 2017, time=2017-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234872, encodeId=8a572348e27e, content=位于端粒酶基因上游的一个启动子(称为TERT), beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sat Aug 19 00:06:31 CST 2017, time=2017-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234871, encodeId=a8832348e135, content=由于端粒随着细胞年龄的增长而缩短,科学家们认为,通常不会产生细胞的端粒酶,使得这些细胞无限期地保持长端粒,从而使癌细胞(从未老化)变得永生化。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sat Aug 19 00:06:04 CST 2017, time=2017-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234870, encodeId=723f2348e0c5, content=当端粒太短时,端点相互粘连,细胞分裂时会造成破坏,大多数情况下会杀死细胞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sat Aug 19 00:05:40 CST 2017, time=2017-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234869, encodeId=9313234869b9, content=永生化的关键是一种称为端粒酶的酶,可以使染色体在经常分裂的细胞中保持健康, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sat Aug 19 00:05:24 CST 2017, time=2017-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234774, encodeId=c987234e74ad, content=谢谢分享,学习受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Fri Aug 18 14:52:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234762, encodeId=ba06234e6211, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Aug 18 12:40:41 CST 2017, time=2017-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-20 jichang
  4. 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    2017-08-19 随梦飞扬

    约70%的恶性黑素瘤在TERT启动子中具有相同的突变。

    0

  5. 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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234762, encodeId=ba06234e6211, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Aug 18 12:40:41 CST 2017, time=2017-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-19 随梦飞扬

    位于端粒酶基因上游的一个启动子(称为TERT)

    0

  6. 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    2017-08-19 随梦飞扬

    由于端粒随着细胞年龄的增长而缩短,科学家们认为,通常不会产生细胞的端粒酶,使得这些细胞无限期地保持长端粒,从而使癌细胞(从未老化)变得永生化。

    0

  7. 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    2017-08-19 随梦飞扬

    当端粒太短时,端点相互粘连,细胞分裂时会造成破坏,大多数情况下会杀死细胞

    0

  8. 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    2017-08-19 随梦飞扬

    永生化的关键是一种称为端粒酶的酶,可以使染色体在经常分裂的细胞中保持健康

    0

  9. 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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234762, encodeId=ba06234e6211, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Aug 18 12:40:41 CST 2017, time=2017-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-18 清风拂面

    谢谢分享,学习受益匪浅

    0

  10. 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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=234762, encodeId=ba06234e6211, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Aug 18 12:40:41 CST 2017, time=2017-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-18 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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