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EHJ:左心疾病所致肺动脉高压的肺血管疾病:病理生理学意义

2022-07-21 刘少飞 MedSci原创

肺动脉高压 (PH) 和肺血管疾病 (PVD) 很常见,并且与左心病 (LHD) 的不良后果相关。本研究旨在描述 LHD PH 范围内 PVD 的病理生理学特征。

左心病 (LHD) 是肺动脉高压 (PH) 的最常见原因。虽然 PH-LHD 最初是由高左心房 (LA) 压力的被动传递引起的,但一些患者会发展为肺血管疾病 (PVD),其定义为肺血管阻力 (PVR) 增加。患有 PH-LHD 和 PVD ​​的患者表现出较差的预后,这可能部分与该队列中的右心室 (RV) 功能障碍有关,但 PVD ​​对肺部的影响尚未得到很好的描述。

利尿剂和血管扩张剂可减少一些PH-LHD患者的PVR,暗示血管收缩和血管水肿的机制,但其他患者会出现与血管收缩共存的血管结构重塑现象。这种重塑通常被概念化为影响小动脉血管,但静脉重塑在几十年前就被描述为二尖瓣疾病,最近的研究显示静脉重塑在非瓣膜相关形式的PH-LHD中,包括心衰。这种静脉收缩可能会加剧肺毛细血管的高血压,与观察到的LA压力的增加不成比例,从而加重肺部水肿。PVD的结构和功能异常也延伸到肺部毛细血管的水平,这可能会进一步损害压力期间的系统氧气输送。

我们假设,除了RV-肺血管耦合的损害外,PVD患者在运动中会显示出肺循环的动脉、毛细血管和静脉部分的异常,从而导致肺充血和气体交换异常的增加。为了验证这一假设,我们对PVD患者和非PVD患者进行了一项前瞻性的、同时进行的有创/影像学研究,在休息和运动时进行呼出气体和血气分析。

研究目的:

肺动脉高压 (PH) 和肺血管疾病 (PVD) 很常见,并且与左心病 (LHD) 的不良后果相关。本研究旨在描述 LHD PH 范围内 PVD ​​的病理生理学特征。

研究方法和结果:

患有 PH-LHD [平均肺动脉压力 (mPAP) >20 mmHg 和 PA 楔压 (PAWP) ≥15 mmHg] 的患者和无 PH 或 LHD 的对照者接受了有创血流动力学检测,同时进行超声心动图、呼出气和血气分析,和肺部超声在一项前瞻性研究中。根据肺血管阻力(PVR <3.0 或 ≥3.0 WU)将 PH-LHD 患者分为孤立性毛细血管后 PH (IpcPH) 和 PVD ​​[结合毛细血管前后 PH (CpcPH)]。与对照组 ( n  = 69) 和 IpcPH-LHD ( n  = 55) 相比,患有 CpcPH-LHD ( n = 40) 在休息时表现出较差的左心房功能和更严重的右心室 (RV) 功能障碍。通过运动,CpcPH-LHD 患者的 PAWP 与 IpcPH-LHD 相似,但 RV-PA 解偶联更严重,心室相互作用更大,心输出量、O 2输送和 O 2消耗峰值受损更严重。尽管 PVR 较高,但与 IpcPH-LHD 和对照组相比,CpcPH 参与者出现更严重的肺充血,这与较低的动脉 O 2张力、减少的肺泡通气量、减少的肺 O 2扩散和更大的通气-灌注不匹配有关。

研究结论:

PH-LHD 和 PVD ​​患者在运动过程中表现出特定的病理生理学特征,这些特征与单纯 LA 高血压患者不同且更严重,包括更严重的肺血管-右心耦合损伤、更大的心室相互依赖性和更严重肺限制。尽管存在 PVR 升高,但这些患者在劳力时表现出更大的肺充血,这与死腔通气增加、肺泡通气量降低、肺弥散能力降低、通气效率异常和V/Q不匹配导致低氧血症相结合,这进一步限制 O2在压力期间交付。需要进一步研究以确定肺血管疾病的机制和治疗方法,以改善 LHD 和并存 PVD ​​患者的预后。

 

本研究启示:

肺血管疾病中的右心和心室相互作用

静止状态下的右心室功能障碍在PH-LHD中很常见,并与不良后果有关。运动时RV-PA偶联的变化可能更加重要。在第一组PAH中,运动压力显示出RV储备的局限性,导致急性RV扩张。在没有明显PVD的LHD患者中,使用基于影像学的方法以及使用RV-PA耦合的侵入性单搏估计,RV-PA耦合的异常在运动中变得明显。Gorter等人发现,CpcPH患者在休息时表现出更多的房室重塑和功能障碍,但在运动时没有进行心脏成像以直接评估房室-PA耦合或心室相互作用。

本研究发现,CpcPH患者在运动中增强房室收缩功能的能力存在重大缺陷,这在多个指标上是一致的,导致房室-PA耦合的巨大限制。RV-PA耦合的损害与心输出量储备的损害有关,限制了组织的对流性氧气输送,以及中心静脉压力的更大增加。因此,本研究证实并扩展了早期对第一组PH和IpcPH的研究,显示急性恶化的RV-PA解耦在限制CpcPH的功能储备方面起着更大的作用。

在PH-LHD中,与LA扩张同时进行的RV和RA扩张增加了心脏总容积,增强了心包的约束和心室的相互依赖。在此,我们表明,这种动态的心室相互作用在PVD的用力过程中变得更为显著,证据是左心室偏心指数的急性增加以及较高的RAP/PAWP比值,表明更多的室间隔变平,对左心室充盈的侵袭。这进一步证明,即使在肺毛细血管压力明显升高的情况下,LVTMP的降低也限制了LV前负荷的增加。这些发现强调了在压力下改善RV-PA解耦以改善左心充盈和肺部灌注的干预措施的重要性。

肺血管病的肺部限制:

CpcPH中最明显的肺部异常与它的临床操作定义有关:PVR的升高。PVR升高是由于PH-LHD的毛细血管前病变,这一观点在该领域根深蒂固。事实上,Wood本人提出,PH-LHD中的高PVR可以 "保护 "肺部不受充血影响,而PVD有效保护PH-LHD中左心超负荷的假设在文献中一直存在。目前的数据反对这种模式,首次显示LHD和PVD患者在静止状态下肺部充血更严重,而且与IpcPH患者相比,这种充血在运动中更严重,即使下游PAWP相当。什么可以解释这一看似矛盾的发现?

在正常的肺循环中,大约40%的PVR停留在毛细血管的下游,即肺静脉中。最近的组织病理学研究表明,静脉重塑在PH-LHD中很常见。如果PH-LHD中PVR增加的很大一部分是由静脉疾病引起的,这将会使毛细血管进一步增压,与LA压力的增加不成比例,这可能会导致肺部充血的增加,通气-灌注匹配的改变,以及肺部弥散异常,正如本研究中观察到的那样。虽然本研究没有将PVR划分为动脉和静脉阻力,但观察到运动时EVLW更大,而不是更小,这对使用PVR来专门反映PH-LHD患者的 "前毛细血管 "疾病提出了疑问。

除了肺静脉重塑外,长期暴露在LA高血压下会导致毛细血管应力衰竭和肺泡-毛细血管界面的结构重塑。这些变化保护了肺泡间质免受水肿的形成,但这是以肺部扩散能力的损害为代价的。在LHD中,即使没有明显的肺实质疾病,静止和运动时的肺部弥散能力受损已被反复证明,在本研究中也是如此,因为本研究排除了有肺部疾病的病人。事实上,在PH-LHD中出现的肺部扩散能力降低与死亡率的增加密切相关。在本研究中,我们还观察到,患有CpcPH的参与者显示出更大的DLCO减少,表明PVD也延伸到毛细血管。这种损害可能是由肺水肿引起的肺泡膜传导的急性下降所介导的,就像本研究中一样,以及上述的慢性重塑效应。肺扩散也随毛细血管血量的变化而变化,而毛细血管血量可能由于慢性PVD中的血管湮灭而减少。从这些数据中无法评估膜传导和毛细血管血容量的单独贡献,但需要进一步研究。

在本研究中,还有证据表明CpcPH的通气-灌注(V/Q)不匹配程度较高,这是由较高的VD/VT和VE/VCO2斜率以及较大的生理性分流趋势所表明的。随着LHD中PVD的发展,在更多的病变节段中肺灌注减少,导致这些区域的生理死腔更大(更大的VD/VT)。相反,在EVLW增加的节段,可用于气体交换的表面积可能减少,降低V/Q比(生理分流增加)。最后,运动中QT的损伤导致混合静脉pO2的降低,因为在输送量减少的情况下,外周的O2提取量增加。这种混合静脉低氧进一步恶化了动脉低氧血症,特别是当V/Q失配增加时。

 

通讯作者:

 参考文献:

Omote K, Sorimachi H, Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Verbrugge FH, Omar M, DuBrock HM, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. Pulmonary vascular disease in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: pathophysiologic implications. Eur Heart J. 2022 Jul 7:ehac184. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac184. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35796488.

 

 

 

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