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“被梅毒”的老年人:揭开纠缠老年人的梅毒“假阳性”面纱

2019-06-29 郭树章,邓芳,吴遐 检验医学网

在日常医疗工作中,经常会碰到一些需要手术的老年人,术前传染病四项结果回报为梅毒(+)。众所周知,梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种性病,是生活不检点的代名词。绝大多数人是比较忌讳的。

在日常医疗工作中,经常会碰到一些需要手术的老年人,术前传染病四项结果回报为梅毒(+)。众所周知,梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种性病,是生活不检点的代名词。绝大多数人是比较忌讳的。



医生本想关照一下老人,安排第一台手术,无奈梅毒阳性,只能放在最后一台了。跟家属沟通的时候,那是满脸怀疑和愤怒。第一反应是:“不可能,你们一定是弄错了,我家老人一辈子安分守己,不可能得这种病。”还有家属会想:“老人家不会有什么事瞒着我们吧?”总之在家属中会引起不小的困惑与不安。

确实在临床工作中,经常会遇到一些平时生活朴素谨慎,洁身自好,也无不良生活习惯的老年人梅毒化验出现阳性结果,这往往是假阳性,并是不真的梅毒感染。但这给一些不懂医学的老年人及家人的心里蒙上了一层阴影、增加了心理负担。检验医学网

为什么会出现假阳性呢?

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种性传播疾病,由于有血液传播的可能,常常作为输血和术前检查项目。在临床中经常发现梅毒有不同的检测方法,报告结果时阴时阳,患者常常疑问到底应该相信哪一个?

人体感染梅毒后,会产生两类抗体,一类是直接针对梅毒螺旋体的抗体,另一类则是针对类脂质的抗体。针对类脂质的抗体因不直接针对梅毒螺旋体,因此无特异性,除感染梅毒外,患另外一些疾病以及生理状况的改变,体内也可能产生低滴度的抗类脂质抗体。诊断梅毒时,所做的梅毒血清学检查即检测这两类抗体。针对梅毒的特异性抗体检测的实验有TPAB(血清梅毒抗体检测),TPPA(梅毒明胶颗粒凝集实验),非特异性抗体实验有TRUST(甲苯胺红不加热血清实验)和RPR实验。

造成非特异性梅毒抗体阳性试验除梅毒外,患上呼吸道感染、肺炎、活动性肺结核、风湿性心脏病、亚急性细菌性心内膜炎、传染性肝炎、肝硬化、慢性肾炎、钩端螺旋体病、麻风、疟疾、类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮及海洛因成瘾等,都可导致RPR或者TRUST阳性;造成TPHA假阳性的疾病有:结肠癌、淋巴肉瘤、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎、红斑狼疮、丙型肝炎、肝硬化、AIDS、海洛因成瘾、生殖器疱疹、麻风甚至妊娠等。

值得注意的是,老年梅毒血清学检查的假阳性率较正常人群高,一般在1%-2%,有报道可达2%。因为许多老年人患内科疾病,特别有心脑血管疾病、糖尿病白血病的年龄在70岁以上的高龄老人,RPR和TPHA同时出现假阳性的情况时有发生。据报道称某收治的5例63-80岁老年内科疾病患冠心病、脑血管疾病、糖尿病及白血病患者,住院期间均出现过RPR和TPHA阳性。

哪些疾病可以出现阳性?

除梅毒外,上呼吸道感染、肺炎、活动性肺结核、风湿性心脏病、亚急性细菌性心内膜炎、传染性肝炎、肝硬化、慢性肾炎、钩端螺旋体病、麻风、疟疾、类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮及海洛因成瘾、肿瘤等,都可出现阳性结果。甚至有的人没有任何内科疾病也可以出现阳性。有人解释为这些老人出生于解放前,当时卫生条件差,可能接触过梅毒病原体,但自已也不知道。类似于很多成年人结核菌素试验阳性一样。很多人没接种过疫苗也没得过结核病,但结核菌素试验仍然阳性。检验医学网

因此对老年人检测血清梅毒抗体报告为阳性时做出以下建议。

应如何正确处理?

1、血清梅毒抗体检测为筛查实验,有假阳性可能,让患者理解,减轻患者及家人焦虑;

2、阳性者加做TPPA和TRUST,前者用于确诊,后者用于确诊后的治疗指标,如结果为TPPA+,TRUST-则下一步要询问梅毒病史,如既往曾正规治疗,则该结果提示结果为治愈,无需特殊处理;如既往病史不明且未治疗,则随访TRUST;若TPPA+,TRUST+建议到专科规范治疗;如TPPA-,TRUST-往往是由于患者有其他抗体存在造成的筛查实验假阳性结果;TPPA-,TRUST+是临床不常见的假阳性模式,常和患者体内存在类脂性抗体(与心血管疾病相关)有关。

3、即使TPPA+,TRUST+,也需要询问感染史和认真的体格检查,掌握患者的个人生活史及体查,综合分析梅毒化验结果,才能得到正确的诊断。如存在以上有干扰可能的疾病,不宜直接下结论。

4、梅毒感染一般无高热,如无明显心脏及中枢累及,手术依然可以进行,但需要加强血、体液隔离,注意操作防止发生感染。日常接触不会造成感染,故带孙子没有问题。

尽管老年人梅毒化验假阳性率较高,但也有部分老年人确实为梅毒螺旋体感染者,不能因为实验室检测结果存在较高的假阳性,而忽略了老年人梅毒感染的检查,应该进一步进行确诊实验来进行核查。医患双方才能都放心。当然患者及家属没必要有什么心理负担,毕竟很多都是假阳性。

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    2019-08-28 146d7226m22暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2019-07-08 1250d073m77暂无昵称

    对于做TPPA似阳非阳的结果,就得检测了吧

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=371927, encodeId=19773e192792, content=学习了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d47b5170706, createdName=146d7226m22暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Aug 28 20:52:30 CST 2019, time=2019-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369311, encodeId=bfe33693114b, content=对于做TPPA似阳非阳的结果,就得检测了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b4282535097, createdName=1250d073m77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 08 21:13:42 CST 2019, time=2019-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369230, encodeId=fe33369230f1, content=梅毒诊断必须结合临床,不能只根据实验室阳性结果。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/07/06/700c7d54930be2c3a2456762831bf11d.jpg, createdBy=805d5135409, createdName=146653dem97暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jul 07 12:03:28 CST 2019, time=2019-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369156, encodeId=ba6136915688, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=526e2567988, createdName=小微940490, createdTime=Sat Jul 06 14:09:55 CST 2019, time=2019-07-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392651, encodeId=29c91392651f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=89412e60158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#假阳性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27601, encryptionId=89412e60158, topicName=假阳性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKJUlpK5asKgfVAGEUnO6CbNf6icCfycdBO2zX5TWJq27yt434nFicdjf7OsvbOZBOotQdNx6J6PaZQ/132, createdBy=fcba2500108, createdName=ms6519009802973839, createdTime=Sun Jun 30 19:43:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368640, encodeId=a183368640de, content=好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Sun Jun 30 06:09:44 CST 2019, time=2019-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368573, encodeId=35773685e3f4, content=666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/01/04/2540fb84decb81d47a7f2868070e6cbd.jpg, createdBy=ed3f2205793, createdName=百草, createdTime=Sat Jun 29 07:44:15 CST 2019, time=2019-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368567, encodeId=e80136856e48, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Sat Jun 29 07:20:24 CST 2019, time=2019-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368558, encodeId=4f2b36855815, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d551998554, createdName=1e1c07bdm01(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 29 05:08:41 CST 2019, time=2019-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-07-07 146653dem97暂无昵称

    梅毒诊断必须结合临床,不能只根据实验室阳性结果。

    0

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    2019-07-06 小微940490

    学习

    0

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=371927, encodeId=19773e192792, content=学习了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d47b5170706, createdName=146d7226m22暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Aug 28 20:52:30 CST 2019, time=2019-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369311, encodeId=bfe33693114b, content=对于做TPPA似阳非阳的结果,就得检测了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b4282535097, createdName=1250d073m77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 08 21:13:42 CST 2019, time=2019-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369230, encodeId=fe33369230f1, content=梅毒诊断必须结合临床,不能只根据实验室阳性结果。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/07/06/700c7d54930be2c3a2456762831bf11d.jpg, createdBy=805d5135409, createdName=146653dem97暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jul 07 12:03:28 CST 2019, time=2019-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369156, encodeId=ba6136915688, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=526e2567988, createdName=小微940490, createdTime=Sat Jul 06 14:09:55 CST 2019, time=2019-07-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392651, encodeId=29c91392651f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=89412e60158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#假阳性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27601, encryptionId=89412e60158, topicName=假阳性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKJUlpK5asKgfVAGEUnO6CbNf6icCfycdBO2zX5TWJq27yt434nFicdjf7OsvbOZBOotQdNx6J6PaZQ/132, createdBy=fcba2500108, createdName=ms6519009802973839, createdTime=Sun Jun 30 19:43:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368640, encodeId=a183368640de, content=好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Sun Jun 30 06:09:44 CST 2019, time=2019-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368573, encodeId=35773685e3f4, content=666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/01/04/2540fb84decb81d47a7f2868070e6cbd.jpg, createdBy=ed3f2205793, createdName=百草, createdTime=Sat Jun 29 07:44:15 CST 2019, time=2019-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368567, encodeId=e80136856e48, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Sat Jun 29 07:20:24 CST 2019, time=2019-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368558, encodeId=4f2b36855815, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6d551998554, createdName=1e1c07bdm01(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 29 05:08:41 CST 2019, time=2019-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-30 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好

    0

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    2019-06-29 百草

    666

    0

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    2019-06-29 184****9840

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

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