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Diabetes Care:美糖尿病协会更新高血压治疗声明:四类降压药物可降心血管风险

2017-08-25 朱柳媛 中国循环杂志

近期,美国糖尿病协会(ADA)发表了新的糖尿病患者高血压治疗立场声明,这是对2003年立场声明的更新。

近期,美国糖尿病协会(ADA)发表了新的糖尿病患者高血压治疗立场声明,这是对2003年立场声明的更新。

新立场声明的要点如下:

1、所有糖尿病患者在每次就诊时都应测血压。为避免白大衣高血压,所有的糖尿病患者应在家中自测血压。

2、初次评估高血压时需要测量立位血压。有体位性低血压症状,或此前确诊体位性低血压的患者需要监测立位血压。

3、对于多数合并高血压的糖尿病患者,降压目标为140/90 mmHg以下,心血管病高危人群可能适合以<130/80 mmHg为降压目标。

4、糖尿病患者血压>120/80 mmHg时就应进行生活方式干预,包括减轻体重、坚持限钠补钾的DASH饮食、多吃蔬菜水果、饮酒适量、增加运动。

5、血压≥140/90 mmHg的糖尿病患者应启动降压药物治疗;血压≥160/100 mmHg应联合使用两种降压药或单片复方制剂。

6、可降低糖尿病患者心血管事件风险的有4种药物,包括ACEI、ARB、噻嗪类利尿剂、二氢吡啶类CCB。一般情况下需要联合应用多种降压药物,ACEI和ARB不能联用。

7、对于有尿白蛋白与肌酐比值≥300 mg/g肌酐或30~299 mg/g肌酐的糖尿病合并高血压患者,推荐以最大耐受剂量的ACEI或ARB作为一线药物。如果患者不能耐受其中的一种药物,要换用另一种药物。

图 ADA对于确诊高血压的糖尿病患者降压药物应用的建议

注:*ACEI或ARB建议用于UACR 30–299 mg/g肌酐的高血压患者,强烈建议用于UACR ≥300 mg/g肌酐的高血压患者;**噻嗪类利尿剂,优选可降低心血管事件风险的长效降压药物如氯噻酮和吲达帕胺; ***二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂

8、患者在应用ACEI、ARB或利尿剂治疗时,要监测血肌酐、估算肾小球滤过率与血钾水平。

9、顽固性高血压患者在应用包含利尿剂在内的三种常用降压药物治疗后,如血压仍未能达标,应考虑使用醛固酮受体拮抗剂。

10、合并糖尿病的孕妇,如既往有高血压或妊娠期间轻度高血压(血压<160/105 mmHg),且无靶器官损害证据,无需应用降压药物;如孕前已有高血压并服用降压药物,应将血压控制在120~160/80~105 mmHg。妊娠期间,ACEI、ARB和螺内酯禁用,可用的药物包括甲基多巴、拉贝洛尔、肼苯哒嗪、长效硝苯地平。

原始出处:Ian H. de Boer, Sripal Bangalore, Athanase Benetos, et al. Diabetes and Hypertension: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 2017, 40 (9): 1273-1284.

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