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Adv Sci:栗占国教授团队发现扁桃体菌群能调节宿主免疫,对抗类风湿性关节炎

2022-09-06 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

扁桃体大家并不陌生,它是重要的淋巴器官,因其产生的淋巴细胞和抗体,可以对付入侵的各种致病微生物,包括细菌、病毒、寄生虫等,发挥着抗细菌、抗病毒的防御功能,常常被称为是人体免疫系统的第一道大门。我科学家

扁桃体大家并不陌生,它是重要的淋巴器官,因其产生的淋巴细胞和抗体,可以对付入侵的各种致病微生物,包括细菌、病毒、寄生虫等,发挥着抗细菌、抗病毒的防御功能,常常被称为是人体免疫系统的第一道大门。我科学家发现,扁桃体菌群与肠道菌群类似,其微生态失调可导致局部免疫激活并诱发全身免疫反应。

日前,北京大学人民医院临床免疫中心栗占国教授课题组和中国科学院微生物所王军教授课题组合作,在国际顶级学术期刊《尖端科学》(Advanced Science)在线发表论文,证明扁桃体菌群的免疫调节作用。未来,扁桃体抗菌肽有可能用于治疗类风湿关节炎。

据了解,口咽部是饮食和呼吸的必经之路,因此,扁桃体存有丰富的微生物,其中不仅存在有益菌,也含有致病菌。当受到气候、环境、饮食等外界刺激或自身免疫力较弱之时,就会出现扁桃体微生态失调,也就是常见的细菌、病毒感染,进而引发局部免疫激活而诱发全身免疫反应,如溶血性链球菌感染可引发风湿热和急性肾小球肾炎。

研究发现,机体共生菌群与自身免疫病的发生发展密切相关。其中,肠道菌群在自身免疫病如类风湿关节炎(RA)发病中的作用机制已有诸多报道,而扁桃体作为与肠道同样重要的淋巴器官和微生物贮存库,针对其菌群的研究却有限。临床中可以见到,扁桃体发炎会导致类风湿关节炎的发生,患者关节滑膜中的致病性T细胞可能来源于扁桃体,但扁桃体参与类风湿关节炎发病的作用机制尚不清楚。为此,栗占国课题组关注了扁桃体菌群在类风湿关节炎发病中的作用及机制。

首先,研究者通过提取患者和正常人扁桃体菌群,采用宏基因组测序方法,发现RA患者扁桃体菌群明显异常,我们检测到 RA 扁桃体中羊毛硫菌素类(lantibiotics)的生物合成和转运存在缺陷;再通过宏基因组数据分析得出,当扁桃体内的有益菌减少,可致使抗菌能力大大降低,不能控制周边的炎症反应,造成感染或免疫反应的发生。研究者深入分析了这些宏基因组测序数据,以确定人类扁桃体相关微生物产生羊毛硫抗菌素肽的基因组能力。通过搜索抗菌肽数据库(APD3:作为研究和教育工具的抗菌肽数据库),从我们的宏基因组数据中鉴定出五个羊毛硫抗生素编码基因,包括唾液酸 A2,B,E,和 G32,通常由 S. salivarius 合成,而 suicin 65 通常由 S. suis 合成。与健康对照组相比,RA 患者扁桃体微生物组中唾液酸 A2 编码基因的丰度显着降低(Wilcoxon 秩和检验,P = 0.03),而 RA 中唾液酸 B、E、G32 和 suicin 65 的丰度也较低患者但不显著(图 1A)。此外,我们分析了这些羊毛硫抗菌素肽在 RA 患者的唾液、牙菌斑和肠道微生物群中的编码能力。 同样,我们发现唾液微生物组中的唾液酸 B 在未接受过治疗的 RA 患者中呈下降趋势(Wilcoxon 秩和检验,P = 0.38),而在接受治疗的患者中部分恢复到健康状态,而唾液酸 A2、E2 和 G32在这些生态位中很少检测到。

图:扁桃体微生物组衍生的羊毛硫抗生素肽唾液酸在 RA 患者中存在缺陷,并且与循环免疫细胞相关。

进一步发现,唾液素可下调人 PBMC 中 IL-21 的产生。唾液素抑制 Tfh 细胞分化和功能。

图:Salivaricins inhibit IL-21 production and Tfh cell differentiation in vitro

进一步发现,唾液素能直接与 IL-6 和 IL-21 受体结合,抑制 IL-6R/IL-21R-STAT3 信号通路

图:Salivaricins inhibit IL-6R/IL-21R-STAT3 signaling pathway

类风湿性关节炎中,唾液酸素在实验性关节炎中发挥抗关节炎作用。为了确定唾液素是否可以抑制体内免疫介导的病理过程,我们探索了唾液素在胶原诱导的关节炎 (CIA) 模型小鼠中的预防和治疗应用,这是一种充分表征的小鼠关节炎模型。在关节炎发作前预防性给药唾液酸 A2 或 B显著降低了 CIA 小鼠关节炎的发病率和严重程度,而不影响体重。请注意,对所有三种唾液素给药途径(口腔内、腹腔内或胃内)都观察到了类似的保护作用。我们还在 CIA 模型诱导后给予唾液素作为一种潜在的治疗方法,发现与载体对照相比,唾液素 A2 和 B 均显着减轻了疾病严重程度并减少了关节中的炎症细胞浸润。因此,唾液素具有潜在的临床适用性,既可用于预防 RA 发展,也可用于治疗 RA。

图:唾液酸对小鼠实验性关节炎具有保护作用。 A) 使用胶原蛋白诱导的关节炎 (CIA) 小鼠模型测试唾液素作为预防方案的实验设计示意图。 B,C) 有或没有口服唾液酸 A2 (B) 或 B (C) 的 CIA 小鼠的临床关节炎评分。 SalA2:唾液酸 A2(每只小鼠 50、100 或 200 µg); SalB:唾液酸 B(每只小鼠 50、100 或 200 µg);每组 n = 20。 D)爪子的组织病理学评分显示唾液素处理的小鼠的炎症显着降低。车辆,n = 10; SalA2(每只小鼠 100 µg),n = 10; SalB(每只小鼠 100 µg),n = 8。上面板和下面板分别为 250 mm 和 100 um。 E) 使用 CIA 小鼠模型测试唾液素作为治疗方案的实验设计示意图。 F) 指定组中关节炎的临床评分。车辆,n = 23; SalA2(每只小鼠 100 µg),n = 10; SalB(每只小鼠 100 µg),n = 23。G) 爪子的组织病理学评分。车辆 = 14,SalA2 = 8,SalB = 12。数据来自两个独立的实验,并表示为平均值 ± sem。使用双向 ANOVA 确定显着性,然后使用 Tukey 的多重比较检验 (B,C,F) 或 Mann-Whitney U 检验 (D,G),*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01。

这是一项在国际上首次针对类风湿关节炎患者及正常人扁桃体菌群的研究。

专家表示,细胞因子是一把双刃剑,即其可发挥免疫调节作用,又参与众多疾病的发生。因此,确定细胞因子调节疾病状态的机制,有助于设计新的治疗方法。此项研究发现了扁桃体菌群在免疫平衡中的重要作用,以及唾液链球菌抗菌肽Salivaricin在类风湿关节炎上的免疫调节机制。即当扁桃体抗菌肽不足时,可引发免疫反应紊乱。因此,只要补充足够的扁桃体抗菌肽,就可以避免免疫反应的发生或用于自身免疫病的治疗,为自身免疫病治疗提供了潜在靶点。

原始出处:

Li J, Jin J, Li S, Zhong Y, Jin Y, Zhang X, Xia B, Zhu Y, Guo R, Sun X, Guo J, Hu F, Xiao W, Huang F, Ye H, Li R, Zhou Y, Xiang X, Yao H, Yan Q, Su L, Wu L, Luo T, Liu Y, Guo X, Qin J, Qi H, He J, Wang J, Li Z. Tonsillar Microbiome-Derived Lantibiotics Induce Structural Changes of IL-6 and IL-21 Receptors and Modulate Host Immunity.Adv Sci (Weinh)  2022 Aug 28:e2202706. doi: 10.1002/advs.202202706

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    🌝🌝

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    2022-09-08 lmm397
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    2022-09-08 wincls
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    2022-09-07 小小医者

    #扁桃体#菌群能调节宿主#免疫#,对抗#类风湿性关节炎#,这项研究十分贴合临床,扁桃体发炎,还可能引发心肌炎,也值得研究,道理可能是类似的。但是切除扁桃体是不是一种好方法,也同样值得商榷

    0

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