Baidu
map

Diabetes Care:基于大规模中国人群彩色眼底照片的糖尿病视网膜病变自动深度学习算法

2018-10-27 医学AI社 解说国自然

糖尿病视网膜病变(Diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,是工作年龄成人不可逆视力丧失的主要原因。 在临床上,甚至有一部分患者的糖尿病是有了视网膜病变之后在眼科门诊发现自己得了糖尿病的。

糖尿病视网膜病变(Diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,是工作年龄成人不可逆视力丧失的主要原因。 在临床上,甚至有一部分患者的糖尿病是有了视网膜病变之后在眼科门诊发现自己得了糖尿病的。

最近的估计表明DR的全球流行率为34.6%,相当于全球近1亿人。 随着糖尿病患病率预计到2030年将上升至少25%,DR对家庭和社会带来的负担会更加沉重。

基于大量彩色眼底照相或者OCT图像的存在,目前已经有不少借助人工智能检测DR的研究,但是国内大规模的研究还比较少,近期小编在《Diabetes Care》杂志上关注到了10-1号发表的广州中山眼科中心的基于大规模眼底照片的深度学习算法检测DR的研究,所以来简单和大家一起学习一下。


研究标题:An Automated Grading System for Detection of Vision-Threatening Referable Diabetic Retinopathy on the Basis of Color Fundus Photographs

发表杂志:  Diabetes Care (IF:13.397)(该杂志是全球最具影响力的美国糖尿病学会(American Diabetes Association ,ADA)旗下杂志,是糖尿病临床评议出版物中引用次数最多的学术期刊,也是糖尿病管理专业人士的必读杂志)。

研究者: Zhixi Li, Stuart Keel, Chi Liu, Yifan He, Wei Meng, Jane Scheetz, Pei Ying Lee, Jonathan Shaw, Daniel Ting, Tien Wong, Hugh Taylor, Robert Chang, and Mingguang He

主要研究单位:1.广州中山大学中山眼科中心眼科学国家重点实验室 2.澳大利亚墨尔本大学澳大利亚眼科研究中心 3.新加坡国立大学医学院,新加坡国立眼科中心,新加坡眼科研究所

研 究 小 结:基于大规模的中国人群彩色眼底照片,开发检测糖尿病视网膜病变(Diabetic retinopathy,DR)的深度学习算法(Deep learning algorithm ,DLA),并在其他种族人群中对该算法进行验证。

1研究目的

开发一种检测糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的深度学习算法(Deep learning algorithm ,DLA),并对其进行验证验证

2研究方法

(1)开发用于自动检测对视力有威胁的DR(增殖性DR或糖尿病黄斑水肿(Diabetic macular edema,DME)、或两者),该DLA基于卷积神经网络。

(2)通过使用一组106,244张非立体眼底照片进行DLA测试训练。一组眼科医生对彩色眼底照片的DR严重程度进行了评分,包括在开发和内部验证数据集中(n = 71,043);一旦三名评分者达到一致的评分结果,就会分配参考标准评分为最终评分。

(3)对于外部验证,使用来自新加坡马来人、澳大利亚高加索人和澳大利亚土着人群的基于人群的队列,用35,201张14,520只眼睛的眼底照片(有各种类型DR的904只眼睛,有视力威胁DR的401只眼睛)来测试DLA。

3研究结果

(1)在训练和验证数据集中的71,043张眼底照片中,12,329张表现为有视力威胁的DR。

(2)在内部验证数据集中,对于有视力威胁的DR,总体的诊断率为0.955,DLA的灵敏度和特异度分别为97.0%和91.4%。针对独立的多种族数据集的测试分别实现了92.5%的灵敏度和98.5%的特异性。

(3)在假阳性病例中,85.6%是由于轻度或中度DR的错误分类。未检出的视网膜内微血管异常占所有假阴性病例的77.3%。

4研究讨论

这种DLA可以高精度地用于检测眼底照片中威胁视力的DR,该技术有助于DR的筛查以及随访。

进 一 步 解 读

鉴于DR的大部分视力丧失可以通过早发现、早治疗而来预防,因此DR的早期筛查显得尤为重要。目前DR筛查最常见的方法是由经过培训的眼科医生进行床旁检查,因此尽管越来越多的证据表明常规评估和早期干预对DR的重要性,但DR的筛查力度远远不够,医疗资源的匮乏,训练有素的眼科护理人员远不足以应对快速增长的糖尿病负担,尤其在糖尿病人口众多的中国。

深度学习(Deep learning,DL)是人工智能(AI)广泛类别下的机器学习的一个分支,代表了人工神经网络的最新进展,它允许从原始图像数据中改进分类预测。DL技术已应用于高度图像驱动的医学专业,包括皮肤病学和放射学,并取得了令人满意的结果。最近的研究表明,这些深度学习算法(DLAs)可以在检测时获得极好的敏感性和特异性,从而为DR筛查计划提供了重要的潜在优势,包括提高效率、可访问性和负担能力。但在现实世界中, 眼底照片图像的质量差异很大,视网膜色素沉着因种族不同而异; 重要的是,通过使用利用不同成像方案和跨多个种族捕获的眼底照片来验证用于DR的DLA以证明其相关性。

在该研究中,研究者在国内临床环境下收集了超过70,000张眼底照片的数据集,并用于检测DR的DLA的开发和验证。 此外,还使用了三个基于其他种族人群的数据集来验证DLA。他们的具体操作方法如下:

DLA是使用基于网络的平台(LabelMe, Guangzhou, China; http://www .labelme.org),该平台包含超过20万张彩色眼底照片,研究者获取其中的71,043张彩色眼底照片用于DLA开发。国内共有36家医院眼科、验光诊所和筛查机构为该数据集提供了原始的眼底照片。 在所有情况下,通过使用常见的传统桌面眼底照相机器和数字视网膜系统来捕获眼底照片,包括Topcon Corp.,Canon,Heidelberg Engineering以及各种成像协议。 研究招募了27位眼科医生作为评分图像的候选人。 每位候选人对60张图像(20张正常眼底图像、20张背景DR图像和20张增殖前期或增殖期DR图像)进行三组测试,并对其结果与持有英国国家健康检查(NHS)DR评级许可证的经验丰富的眼科医生(ZL)进行比较,最终有21名眼科医生符合这一标准。

眼底照片的评分时间是:2017年3月-6月期间。来自总数据集(n = 71,043)的图像被随机分配给每个眼科医生,用于在其LabelMe账户被激活时进行评分。 在对给定图像进行分级后,将其返回到合并的数据集; 这个过程一直持续到图像达到三个一致的分级结果。 那时,图像中添加了一个结论性注释,它已从原始图像池中删除,并可供研究团队下载。 在此过程中,评分者看不到之前的评分结果,并且给定的图像只能分配给评分者一次,共识分级结果被指定为每个图像的最终结论等级。

原始出处:
Li Z1, Keel S2, Liu C3,et al.An Automated Grading System for Detection of Vision-Threatening Referable Diabetic Retinopathy on the Basis of Color Fundus Photographs.Diabetes Care. 2018 Oct 1. pii: dc180147. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0147. [Epub ahead of print]

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (8)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-09 ylz8403
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-29 zutt
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-27 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043364, encodeId=d65d2043364a4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 11:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1902152, encodeId=4a21190215261, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c097591ed5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Diabetes#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5917, encryptionId=c097591ed5, topicName=Diabetes)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0045169, createdName=木头人513, createdTime=Fri Jul 19 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1638807, encodeId=339d163880e6c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 04:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1760850, encodeId=75041e60850da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a1a37427546, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Tue Jul 30 14:27:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270126, encodeId=a1da12e01268c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413964, encodeId=25e51413964e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27b290e82f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90782, encryptionId=27b290e82f4, topicName=视网膜病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Mon Oct 29 04:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041969, encodeId=2c5810419699a, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 16:27:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350651, encodeId=9dbf35065106, content=好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Oct 27 13:47:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-27 ylzr123

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!

    0

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map