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Psychopharmacol Bull:致命杀手- 咳嗽糖浆中的右美沙芬

2017-10-08 佚名 大话精神

右美沙芬(3-甲氧基-N-甲基吗啡喃)简称DXM,是一种镇咳药物,可在140多种非处方咳嗽和冷制剂中获得。由于其定向剂量的可用性,功效和安全性,已经超越可待因成为最广泛使用的镇咳剂。

右美沙芬(3-甲氧基-N-甲基吗啡喃)简称DXM,是一种镇咳药物,可在140多种非处方咳嗽和冷制剂中获得。由于其定向剂量的可用性,功效和安全性,已经超越可待因成为最广泛使用的镇咳剂。
 
当使用推荐剂量时,会存在轻微的不良反应,明显不良事件的原因主要是右美沙芬滥用。当其高剂量(超过1500mg/d)摄入时,会诱发以苯环已哌啶(PCP)为特征的类精神病症状,包括妄想,幻觉和偏执。
 
我们报告了一名40岁的白人女性,她具有严重右美沙芬使用障碍和右美沙芬诱发的精神病性障碍,其症状在抗精神病药和情绪稳定剂联合治疗后才得以缓解。

病例报告

J女士是一名40岁的白种人,具有广泛的药物滥用史。在十四岁时开始滥用酒精,而后发展为大麻,酒精,鸦片和LSD。29岁时,报告首次使用右美沙芬,感觉到“让她更接近上帝”。由于DXM的便利性,低成本和无法在尿液中检测到的特征,她的日剂量达到了1620mg(DXM的每日建议最高剂量为120mg)。接下来的5年中,J女士每月持续滥用DXM3-4次。
 
35岁时,J女士滥用DXM的剂量约为3000-4000mg,她经历了生动和创伤的梦——“她梦见她的母亲用指甲撕开她的脸,切开她的手指和脚趾,撕裂她的手臂”,第二天早上,她继续在这种受害妄想中挣扎,并对母亲施加暴力。入院前的4个月,患者报告每月使用一次DXM,平均剂量为1080-1620mg/d。最后一次使用是入院2天前,她还同时喝了3罐啤酒,这个组合使她的精神状况进一步恶化。
 
被发现睡在陌生人家中后,J女士被送进精神病科,随后她还袭击了一名警察。她表现出烦躁的情绪,心情不稳定,对工作人员怀疑。尿液筛查仅显示丁丙诺啡。根据她的抑郁症病史,每天服用米氮平15mg。

尽管对滥用的药物进行了几天的冲洗,但是她仍然怀有敌意,表现出一种不合逻辑的、混乱的思维过程。在增加抗精神病药物后,她的症状得以改善。随后病人报告了她的广泛的DXM滥用史。每晚服用奥氮平10mg、双丙戊酸钠缓释剂1000mg,二十天后上述症状缓解。出院后继续服用米氮平、奥氮平和双丙戊酸钠。

讨论

右美沙芬的活性代谢物——去甲右美沙芬,是一种非依赖性NMDA受体拮抗剂,与氯胺酮和PCP相似的方式起作用,它们都会产生类精神病症状。典型的尿液筛查检测不到右美沙芬,因此临床医生可能会忽视其影响。右美沙芬由CYP2D6代谢,所以快速代谢型人群可能更容易受到影响。
 
DXM的严重精神病症状具有剂量依赖性:较低水平(1.5-2.5mg/kg)会发生类MDMA感知改变;2.5-7.5mg/kg会导致运动、认知和感知功能受损,与酒精和大麻的综合使用相当;较高水平7.5-15mg/kg诱导与低剂量氯胺酮类似的强烈幻觉、解离状态和兴奋;浓度大于15mg/kg导致完全的心理物理解离,类似于高剂量氯胺酮的使用,具有暴力行为,体温升高和可能的心脏或呼吸停止,进而导致死亡。
 
DXM中毒治疗的重点是缓解症状。以前报道的精神药物治疗包括短效苯二氮卓类药物或低剂量抗精神病药(氟哌啶醇,利培酮和喹硫平),也有相关研究证实了奥氮平的疗效。本报告中,我们的病人就使用了奥氮平和情绪稳定剂双丙戊酸钠,有效控制了DXM滥用引起的严重精神病性症状。

结论

右美沙芬(DXM)是一种易于获得、廉价的非处方药物,具有滥用潜力。虽然一些国家已经开始限制右美沙芬销售或限制在18岁以上人群使用,但目前还没有联邦禁令或完全禁止。

右美沙芬由CYP2D6代谢,所以快速代谢型人群可能更容易受到影响,他们当中有人因滥用右美沙芬而死亡或住院的事例曾被报告。许多药物(包括抗抑郁药)是CYP2D6的强效抑制剂,如果同时服用这些药物及右美沙芬,可能产生药物间的相互作用,曾有因此致死的事例报告。

作为滥用药物,DXM在尿液中无法检测到,这可能是其诱发的精神疾病未被准确诊断的原因。临床医生必须意识到DXM使用潜在的精神病性影响,特别是在对青少年和成年年轻人的鉴别诊断中。

原始出处:
Martinak B, Bolis R A, Black J R, et al. Dextromethorphan in Cough Syrup: The Poor Man’s Psychosis[J]. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2017, 47(4): 59.

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    2018-07-06 yb6560
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    2018-06-30 jj000001
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    2017-10-09 131****2916

    不错的视频值得推荐一下

    0

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    2017-10-09 sunfeifeiyang

    右美沙芬致命杀手

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1996055, encodeId=48bf199605515, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed881120ec8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MAC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11207, encryptionId=ed881120ec8, topicName=MAC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b65161, createdName=yb6560, createdTime=Fri Jul 06 23:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1787339, encodeId=a1bf1e873391f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fa03141591e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Pharm#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14159, encryptionId=fa03141591e, topicName=Pharm)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8942242, createdName=jj000001, createdTime=Sat Jun 30 17:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1788253, encodeId=ae961e882533f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38e014162e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Pharmacol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14162, encryptionId=38e014162e2, topicName=Pharmacol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=930e243, createdName=dingxiaobo, createdTime=Wed Dec 20 09:39:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1908322, encodeId=4d641908322ff, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8d0141605e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#pharma#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14160, encryptionId=a8d0141605e, topicName=pharma)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f634250, createdName=chentianping, createdTime=Thu Dec 21 02:39:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571790, encodeId=ed2515e179079, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b73e38663b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#右美沙芬#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38663, encryptionId=b73e38663b5, topicName=右美沙芬)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b4cc15754770, createdName=lingqf, createdTime=Tue Oct 10 11:39:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251619, encodeId=a958251619cd, content=不错的视频值得推荐一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 23:07:25 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251455, encodeId=701625145549, content=右美沙芬致命杀手, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=4, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 07:13:13 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251423, encodeId=165e251423a2, content=非常好的文章.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 23:56:27 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-08 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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