Am J Clin Nutr:母乳含700多种细菌助婴儿形成自身免疫系统
2013-01-09 Am J Clin Nutr 腾讯科学
科学家已经发现母乳含有超过700种细菌,超过之前的预计。研究人员称,这些细菌的准确角色尚不清楚,但是这种微生物多样性能够帮助婴儿消化母乳或者推动婴儿的免疫体系形成。而且进一步的研究能够为那些不能进行母乳喂养的婴儿带来新的营养策略。 通过母乳喂养能够将有益菌传递给婴儿,帮助其消化母乳或者形成免疫系统 母乳中的微生物能够使用一种名为焦磷酸测序的DNA测序技术标注出来,这种技术通常会从被
科学家已经发现母乳含有超过700种细菌,超过之前的预计。研究人员称,这些细菌的准确角色尚不清楚,但是这种微生物多样性能够帮助婴儿消化母乳或者推动婴儿的免疫体系形成。而且进一步的研究能够为那些不能进行母乳喂养的婴儿带来新的营养策略。
通过母乳喂养能够将有益菌传递给婴儿,帮助其消化母乳或者形成免疫系统
母乳中的微生物能够使用一种名为焦磷酸测序的DNA测序技术标注出来,这种技术通常会从被测生物体的基因中产生大量的微型DNA标签。科学家们能够通过观察DNA序列的变化区分出不同的种类。
为了进行研究,研究人员检测了两种初乳,一种是生育后乳腺最早的分泌物,另一种是婴儿出生1至6个月后的母乳。科学家发现,第二种母乳样本含有的细菌能够在婴儿口腔中找到。西班牙高级公共健康研究中心的研究人员玛瑞-卡门-克里亚多说道:“我们尚不能确定这些在婴儿口腔中繁殖的细菌或者哺乳母乳的婴儿的口腔细菌是否进入到母乳,而且因此改变了母乳的构成。”
在这项研究中还发现,超重母亲的母乳以及计划剖腹产的母亲含有较少的细菌多样性。研究人员称,意外剖腹产的母亲的母乳构成类似于顺产母亲的母乳。研究论文作者写道:“如果这项研究中所发现的母乳细菌对于免疫系统的形成非常重要的话,那么将其添加到婴儿配方中能够减少过敏、哮喘和自身免疫性疾病。”
Background: Breast milk is recognized as the most important postpartum element in metabolic and immunologic programming of health of neonates. The factors influencing the milk microbiome and the potential impact of microbes on infant health have not yet been uncovered.
Objective: Our objective was to identify pre- and postnatal factors that can potentially influence the bacterial communities inhabiting human milk.
Design: We characterized the milk microbial community at 3 different time points by pyrosequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in mothers (n = 18) who varied in BMI, weight gain, and mode of delivery.
Results: We found that the human milk microbiome changes over lactation.Weisella, Leuconostoc, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Lactococcus were predominant in colostrum samples, whereas in 1- and 6-mo milk samples the typical inhabitants of the oral cavity (eg, Veillonella, Leptotrichia, and Prevotella) increased significantly. Milk from obese mothers tended to contain a different and less diverse bacterial community compared with milk from normal-weight mothers. Milk samples from elective but not from nonelective mothers who underwent cesarean delivery contained a different bacterial community than did milk samples from individuals giving birth by vaginal delivery, suggesting that it is not the operation per se but rather the absence of physiological stress or hormonal signals that could influence the microbial transmission process to milk.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that milk bacteria are not contaminants and suggest that the milk microbiome is influenced by several factors that significantly skew its composition. Because bacteria present in breast milk are among the very first microbes entering the human body, our data emphasize the necessity to understand the biological role that the milk microbiome could potentially play for human health.
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#母乳#
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