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Nature Genetics:这一指标能预测免疫疗法效果

2019-01-15 佚名 学术经纬

近年来,革新性的癌症免疫疗法彻底改变了癌症晚期患者的治疗。靶向CTLA-4或PD-1/L1的抗体等免疫检查点抑制剂已成为一些癌症的一线治疗方案。然而遗憾的是,这类免疫检查点抑制剂的效果因人而异,并不是每一个患者都适合。

近年来,革新性的癌症免疫疗法彻底改变了癌症晚期患者的治疗。靶向CTLA-4或PD-1/L1的抗体等免疫检查点抑制剂已成为一些癌症的一线治疗方案。然而遗憾的是,这类免疫检查点抑制剂的效果因人而异,并不是每一个患者都适合。

考虑到免疫疗法有潜在的免疫相关反应,而且药物的经济成本很高,如果在患者用药之前就可以预测疗法的有效性,那么对临床医生和患者的决定都将起到重要的帮助。有没有通用、可靠的检测指标可以准确预测肿瘤免疫疗法的效果呢?

今日在线发表于《Nature Genetics》的一项大型研究为肿瘤精准免疫治疗提供了非常重要的信息。美国纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心(Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,简称MSK)的研究人员在众多类型的癌症中发现一个普遍现象:癌细胞的突变水平越高,患者接受检查点抑制剂治疗后的生存率越高。这一生物指标或许可以用来预测哪些患者最适合采用免疫检查点抑制剂治疗。

这项研究成果得益于有力的技术平台。2017年,MSK基于二代测序技术的多基因检测分析平台IMPACT获得了美国FDA批准。癌症基因检测平台MSK-IMPACT具有几大优势:它以过往的癌症研究为基础,确定了与肿瘤密切相关的468个基因,可以快速鉴定这些关键的突变类型,相比全基因组外显子测序有更明确的临床救治意义;而且,MSK-IMPACT不限癌症种类,适用于任何肿瘤类型。

过去一些小规模的研究提示,在少数几种癌症中,免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗效果与“肿瘤突变负荷”有关系。肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutational burden,TMB),简单来说就是肿瘤细胞携带的突变数量。非同义突变越多,肿瘤细胞产生的异常蛋白越多。不难理解,肿瘤突变负荷越高,产生的新抗原也越多,有更大的可能性激活免疫系统对肿瘤的识别。

那么,在更广泛的癌症范围内,肿瘤突变负荷有没有可能作为预测免疫疗法临床收益的生物标志物呢?要验证这一点,MSK-IMPACT就充分发挥出优势了。本次研究中,共有1662名接受过免疫检查点抑制剂单药治疗或组合治疗的癌症晚期患者,以及5371名未采用免疫治疗的癌症晚期患者,通过MSK-IMPACT进行了基因检测,这是目前为止规模最大的队列,并且涉及了非小细胞肺癌、黑色素瘤、肾细胞癌、膀胱癌、头颈癌等众多类型的癌症。

研究团队对那些接受过免疫检查点抑制剂的患者做了临床数据和基因组数据的分析,在大部分肿瘤组织中都发现了一个趋势:肿瘤突变负荷程度越高,患者接受免疫治疗后的整体生存率越高。同种癌组织中突变负荷值居前20%的患者,免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗显着有效。


各种癌组织中,肿瘤突变负荷越高,患者接受免疫检查点抑制剂后的整体生存率越高

与此同时,在没有接受免疫疗法的转移性癌症患者中,高突变负荷与总体生存改善之间没有关联。这说明,高突变负荷的癌症患者之所以生存率提高,确实是免疫检查点抑制剂的功劳。


利用比例风险回归模型对1662名患者在接受检查点抑制剂治疗后的总体生存率做多变量分析,同样显示癌细胞突变程度与免疫治疗效果的相关性

那么,肿瘤突变负荷多高算是高呢?正因为研究团队对多种不同癌组织都做了分析,他们发现评判肿瘤突变程度并不能“一刀切”,在不同类型的癌症中,突变负荷“高”的数字定义各有不同。而且作者也提醒,选取的数值截点是为了说明突变负荷与生存率的关系,具体的数值并不能直接用于临床判断,需要进一步的研究。但是这一明显的趋势让我们看到,“肿瘤突变负荷”很有可能在多种癌症中作为有用的指标,预测不同患者对检查点抑制剂疗法的反应。


对不同种类的癌症和不同的用药方案分类分析,突变负荷与生存率的关系

如果不对患者进行检测和挑选,绝大多数实体瘤患者单独使用检查点抑制剂,例如PD-1抑制剂,通常只有20%左右的有效率。因此, 这项研究为精准免疫治疗指出了一个方向,我们期待科学家可以早日开发出整合基因组生物标志物的预测性检测,让免疫疗法更加有的放矢地应用于临床,为患者带来最大的好处。

原始出处:

Robert M. Samstein,et al.Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types.Nature Genetics.14 January 2019

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    2019-02-10 canlab
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    2019-10-01 liye789132251
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    2019-05-16 cy0324
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    2019-11-08 huperzia
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    2019-01-18 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2019-01-16 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2019-01-15 CHANGE

    疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的

    0

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