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CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术快速向疾病治疗方向迈进

2016-01-19 生物通 生物通

CRISPR这种于2012年的机制进行透彻阐述,如今脱靶的问题被迅速攻克,意味着,基因编辑技术离临床应用只有一步之遥。目前已全面应用于临床前的研究。2016年开年短短的半个月时间里,CRISPR在多种疾病治疗中大显身手。 杜氏肌营养不良症 三个独立研究小组提供了初步的研究证据表明,通过编辑一个与肌肉功能相关的基因,修复杜氏肌营养不良症小鼠的一些肌肉功能,可以治愈这一遗传性疾病。这标

CRISPR这种于2012年的机制进行透彻阐述,如今脱靶的问题被迅速攻克,意味着,基因编辑技术离临床应用只有一步之遥。目前已全面应用于临床前的研究。2016年开年短短的半个月时间里,CRISPR在多种疾病治疗中大显身手。

杜氏肌营养不良症

三个独立研究小组提供了初步的研究证据表明,通过编辑一个与肌肉功能相关的基因,修复杜氏肌营养不良症小鼠的一些肌肉功能,可以治愈这一遗传性疾病。这标志着第一次在完全发育的活体哺乳动物中CRISPR采用一种有潜力转化为人类疗法的策略,成功治疗了一种遗传疾病。

在每5,000名新生男婴中就有一人罹患杜氏肌营养不良症。大多数患者到10岁需要坐轮椅,他们在20多岁30出头就会死去。由于突变位于X染色体上,因此有两条X染色体的女童应该至少有一个功能性dystrophin基因拷贝。

此前在2014年科学家们首次利用CRISPR/Cas9 纠正了小鼠生殖细胞突变,防止了肌肉萎缩症,这为利用CRISPR技术治疗DMD铺平了道路。但这也同时提出了这种技术临床应用的几个问题,由于在人体内进行生殖细胞编辑不可行,因此需要将CRISPR组件传递到产后组织中。

最新研究通过采用一种非致病性载体——腺相关病毒(AAV)来传送这一基因编辑系统克服了其中的一些障碍。研究人员将基因编辑工具包装到了AAV中。利用病毒来作为基因治疗的传送载体,研究人员会从病毒中除去所有有害的基因和复制基因。尽管早期的一些病毒类型因为各种原因,诸如整合到基因组中及引起一些问题或触发免疫应答,不能很好地起作用,AAV是迄今为止已证实特殊的一类病毒。许多人都受到这一病毒的感染,AAV不致病,却能够非常有效地进入到细胞中。Science:CRISPR技术进军出生后基因治疗,成功治愈杜氏肌肉营养不良症

癫痫

来自中国科技大学、中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院等处的中国学者将近年来迅猛发展的基因组编辑技术与iPSC来源的模型结合起来,纠正了癫痫患者iPSC中的致病突变。

癫痫发作,是由于神经抑制与兴奋之间的失衡,包括两种神经亚型以及它们通过突触连接的相互作用。这项研究将CRISPR/Cas9和TALEN介导的基因编辑技术,应用于iPSC为基础的疾病模型,来探讨SCN1A功能性缺失突变所致的癫痫发病机制。

研究人员发现,突变c.a5768G,可导致外源性转染系统中没有Nav1.1流,不仅影响Nav电流量的性质,而且也影响表达Nav1.1的GABA能神经元的Nav激活。Nav的两个变化,进一步减少了幅度,并增强了患者来源的GABA能神经元的动作电位阈值,导致患者来源的神经元网络中的自发性抑制性突触后电流(sIPSCs)减弱。Transl Psychiatry:CRISPR/cas9基因编辑技术成功修复癫痫致病突变基因

遗传性失明

美国Cedars-Sinai医学中心的研究人员利用CRISPR/Cas9的技术删除一个可导致失明病的遗传突变。CRISPR/Cas9改编自细菌用来对抗入侵病毒的一种策略。虽然这项研究采用的是大鼠,但这项研究结果是一个重要的里程碑,因为它对人类也有潜在的影响。

视网膜色素变性患者,在疾病的早期阶段出现夜盲症,连同视网膜的萎缩和色素变化、视野缩小,最终失明。虽然总体来说比较罕见,但它是最常见的遗传性视网膜疾病,在美国和欧洲影响大约4000人中的1人。

研究人员设计了一个CRISPR/Cas9系统,来去除一个基因突变——引起眼睛中的感光细胞缺失。他们将这个系统注入年轻的实验室大鼠体内,这种大鼠已被改造成模拟一种遗传性视网膜色素变性,称为常染色体显性遗传,这涉及到该基因的突变。单次注射后,通过视动反射测量——包括转动头部响应运动不同亮度的条纹,研究人员发现,与对照组动物相比,这些大鼠的视力变得更好。Cell:华人学者采用基因治疗让失明小鼠部分恢复视力

肺癌

1月1日,来自斯坦福大学医学院的Huibin Tang和Joseph B Shrager在国际学术期刊《EMBO Molecular Medicine》发表题为“CRISPR/Cas‐mediated genome editing to treat EGFR‐mutant lung cancer: a personalized molecular surgical therapy”的研究成果。该研究指出,随着CRISPR/Cas技术的改进与成熟,将这种分子手术方法与传统手术、放疗和/或TKI治疗相结合,将有可能显著提高携带EGFR突变非小细胞肺癌患者的生存率。

在全球范围内,肺癌(LCa)是男性中最常见的类型的癌症。在2015年,约有150000美国人会死于这种疾病。约有85%的肺癌是非小细胞型(NSCLC),包括腺癌和鳞状细胞癌。目前公认的LCa疗法——取决于疾病阶段,包括手术、放疗、和/或靶向/化学疗法。一直以来,非特异性的化疗细胞毒性,都是使用药物来管理癌症的方法长期存在的一大障碍。然而,在EGFR(突变的肺腺癌)中,用TKIs的靶向药物疗法的出现,已经大大减轻了这种担忧。

EGFR是一种跨膜糖蛋白,具有细胞外配体结合域,一个跨膜结构域和一个胞内酪氨酸激酶结构域。配体结合可激活细胞内的酪氨酸激酶,这可通过级联下游信号促进细胞内途径,促进大量的细胞内途径支持癌症表型。这些包括细胞增殖、新生血管形成、侵袭和转移,减少的细胞凋亡,与Warburg效应激活的根本通路。

EGFR酪氨酸激酶的组成性激活,是一种基因突变的结果,在一小部分肺腺癌患者中有过报道。这些EGFR突变在东亚地区的女性患者中更为频繁。最常见的突变是外显子19缺失,以及外显子21的点突变。已有研究开发出来几种药物——如吉非替尼和厄洛替尼,通过与ATP竞争,抑制EGFR的酪氨酸激酶活性。这些药物(TKIs)已成为EGFR突变的转移性NSCLC的一线疗法。虽然TKIs已被证明对于EGFR突变的LCa具有显著的初步疗效,但不幸的是,几乎所有的患者在两年内都对药物产生了耐药性。这种获得性耐药性往往来自于外显子20的二次突变。

CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因编辑是一种强大的新技术,可以对细胞基因组作出精确的变化。这项技术目前在研究实验室中得到了广泛应用,但它尚未在临床上产生影响。在这项研究中,作者提出了这项技术进展的一个潜在的令人兴奋的临床应用——允许个性化的、分子的外科手术,来纠正或破坏突变的EDFR。研究人员在来自患者活检标本的肿瘤中去除了EGFR基因突变,他们发现,EGFR——突变的基因将被传递CRISPR/Cas系统的病毒修复或破坏。

研究人员以最常见的初级和二次EGFR突变,证明了这种方法的可行性。这些建议的基因组DNA“分子手术”,可以一种个性化、并可能永久性的方式,靶定疾病的原因。这种方法可以与传统的手术治疗、放射治疗或化学/靶向治疗相结合。

正如任何治疗方法一样,这种策略可能被其他细胞增殖途径的反馈去抑制所颠覆。然而,在最低限度上,CRISPR/Cas疗法将能阻止二次基因组突变——TKI耐药性的主要原因。巧妙设计的sgRNAs、精细管理潜在的脱靶效应和有效的传递,对于CRISPR/Cas介导的治疗方法成功与否,将是必不可少的。随着CRISPR/Cas技术的改进与成熟,将这种分子手术方法与传统手术、放疗和/或TKI治疗相结合,将有可能显著提高携带EGFR突变的NSCLC患者的生存率。

在这项研究中,作者提出了这项技术进展的一个潜在的令人兴奋的临床应用——允许个性化的、分子的外科手术,来纠正或破坏突变的EDFR。研究人员在来自患者活检标本的肿瘤中去除了EGFR基因突变,他们发现,EGFR——突变的基因将被传递CRISPR/Cas系统的病毒修复或破坏。

研究人员以最常见的初级和二次EGFR突变,证明了这种方法的可行性。这些建议的基因组DNA“分子手术”,可以一种个性化、并可能永久性的方式,靶定疾病的原因。这种方法可以与传统的手术治疗、放射治疗或化学/靶向治疗相结合。

裂手裂足畸形

德国科学家们利用外显子测序和CRISPR/Cas基因组编辑,在短时间内鉴定了一种人类肢体缺陷的致病突变。

裂手裂足畸形这种疾病以裂足畸形(split-foot defect)、手指甲畸形和听力损失为特征。研究人员发现,发生这种疾病是因为突变干扰了蛋白激酶ZAK的SAM结构域。

研究显示,小鼠发育中的四肢表达Zak,通过CRISPR/Cas敲除Zak会导致小鼠胚胎死亡。进一步研究表明,删除SAM结构域会诱导与Trp63下调有关的复杂后肢缺陷,而Trp63是裂手/裂足畸形的已知致病基因。

Spielmann M, Kakar N, Tayebi N, Leettola C, Nürnberg G, Sowada N, Lupiáñez DG, Harabula I, Flöttmann R, Horn D, Chan WL, Wittler L, Yilmaz R, Altmüller J, Thiele H, van Bokhoven H, Schwartz CE, Nürnberg P, Bowie JU, Ahmad J, Kubisch C, Mundlos S, Borck G.Exome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas genome editing identify mutations of ZAK as a cause of limb defects in humans and mice. Genome Res. 2016 Jan 11.

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12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. 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  4. 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encodeId=a0171630124b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d81a4186e3f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#基因编辑技术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41867, encryptionId=d81a4186e3f, topicName=基因编辑技术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a10c21466636, createdName=marlenexl, createdTime=Thu Jan 21 00:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58344, encodeId=51b6583444b, content=期待精准治疗模式用于更多疾患。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=164, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAibgOibuZnfdFE64hJHibbD6WwEgyaXx7DtibMOSicJ6JZoLEAIdAdkhDmHWO7P7OXg2tkTicZy9libryicw/0, createdBy=aa991670466, createdName=sword20000, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-21 yuandd
  5. 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  6. 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    2016-01-21 respect
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    2016-01-21 yaanren
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    2016-01-19 sword20000

    期待精准治疗模式用于更多疾患。

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来自哈佛医学院和麻省总医院的研究者们在最新一期Nature杂志上发表了他们新改进的CRISPR-Cas9技术,识别序列的范围更大,识别也更为精准。文章第一作者Benjamin Kleinstiver介绍说新技术里的Cas9变种可以识别那些野生型Cas9无法修饰的人类和斑马鱼基因的位点,这使得CRISPR技术在多变的基因组里识别范围大大增加。CRISPR-Cas9核酸酶由Cas9蛋白和20个核苷酸长

Science:CRISPR技术进军出生后基因治疗,成功治愈杜氏肌肉营养不良症

红得发紫得基因编辑技术CRISPR再次取得新进展,科学家使用这种技术成功治疗了小鼠肌营养不良。三个小组今天在《科学》发表了使用CRISPR技术切除杜氏肌肉营养不良症有缺陷得基因,使这种有遗传病的动物制造出必需的肌肉蛋白。这是第一次成功使用CRISPR技术对遗传病动物出生后进行的基因治疗。杜氏肌营养不良是一种X染色体隐性遗传疾病,主要发生于男孩,这种疾病编码抗肌萎缩蛋白的基因缺陷,抗肌萎缩蛋白是维持

Nat Biotech大型访谈:华人科学家众说CRISPR

近日,《自然生物技术》(Nature Biotechnology)联系了全球社区的50名研究人员、伦理学家和商业领袖对CRISPR改造人类生殖细胞会引发的问题发表评论。在这些联系人中26人对Nature Biotechnology给予了回复,其中不乏我们熟知的中外华人科学家:麻省理工学院的张锋(Feng Zhang)博士、冯国平(Guoping Feng)教授,中国科学院昆明动物研究所的季维智

Cell:第二代基因编辑神器诞生,CRISPR/Cpf1让一切皆有可能!

1987年,科学家首次描述了CRISPR序列;2010和2011年,研究人员相继发现了该序列的自然生物学功能;2013年,张锋等科学家首次报道了CRISPR-Cas9系统在哺乳动物基因组编辑中的应用。张锋此前发表过大量Cell,Nature,Science文章,是基因编辑领域的超级新星,也是未来诺贝尔奖有力的争夺者。 在过去的3年里,基因编辑神器CRISPR被认为是遗传研究领域的革命性技术;

JMCB:中国科学家应用CRISPR破解基因组“未解之谜”

近日,来自上海交通大学的研究人员在国际学术期刊JMCB发表了一项最新研究进展,他们发现应用CRISPR/Cas9技术可以轻松实现对DNA片段的倒位和重复,对于基因组中存在的大量DNA调控元件和大量基因簇的功能研究具有一定意义。研究人员指出,人类基因组中包含了几百万个DNA调控元件和大量的基因簇,但其中大部分都没有进行过实验检测,还有大量基因组"未解之谜"等待人类去破解。DNA编辑技术CRISPR/

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