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椎管内麻醉后并发丑角综合征一例

2017-12-21 佚名 现代医院

患者,女,44岁,身高165cm,体重65kg。

【一般资料】

患者,女,44岁,身高165cm,体重65kg。

【主诉】

因“子宫肌瘤”在连续硬膜外麻醉下行“子宫次全切除术”。

【体格检查】

术前访视情况:神志清楚,精神可,贫血貌。诉偶有头晕,无心慌不适感,劳累后有腰痛感,否认其他疾病及手术史。

【辅助检查】

HGB86g/L,HCT0.284L/L,MCV68.4fL,MCH20.7Pg,RDW19.O%,TBIC23.2ummol/L,IBIL17.6。

【治疗】

入室后测BP140/90mmHg,HR80bpm,右侧卧位,在T12~L1点穿刺顺利,向下置管,硬膜外腔留管4cm,回吸无血无液,注入试验量2%利多卡因5mL,15min后测平面达鸭。继以0.375%罗哌卡因+1%利多卡因10mL分次注入维持麻醉。手术处理子宫双侧韧带时以枸橼酸芬太尼0.05mg静脉注入预处理以减轻其不适感。手术进行30min时,患者诉身热,测BP120/80mmHg,HR80bpm,观患者头面部,发现以正中线为界,右侧面部大汗淋漓,皮肤潮红,左侧面部有汗不红。前胸右侧大汗淋漓,汗珠大,左侧汗珠细小。观察双侧瞳孔无异常。再次询其既往史,诉怕冷,颈椎骨质增生(无影像学检查资料),但无单侧面部潮红和异常出汗症状。密切观察,见生命体征平稳,无血流动力学变化,未行任何处理,约30min后症状消失。再次硬膜外追加局麻药未出现类似症状。术后访视未诉不适感。

【讨论】

2002年Patrick曾报道1例成人全麻后行右颈内穿刺置管后出现丑角综合征病例,患者有糖尿病高血压及抑郁症,困难插管,丑角综合征的发生被考虑是糖尿病高血压血管神经的损害,及困难插管与右颈内静脉穿刺置管共同作用的结果。2015年James报道过2例行胸椎硬膜外镇痛后出现丑角综合征的病例,他认为丑角综合征是支配对侧面部和上肢血管的交感神经传导阻断作用的结果。头颈部的交感神经传导通路包括三级神经元,即中枢、节前和节后神经元。位于下丘脑后部的中枢神经元(瞳孔散大中枢)发出交感神经纤维,经脑桥和脑干的网状结构、沿脊髓下行至位于C8~T3脊髓灰质侧角的节前神元(睫状体脊髓中枢),由此发出节前纤维随相应脊神经前根出椎间孔后,经白交通支进人椎旁的星状神经节(不换元)。也有人认为动眼神经的节前纤维在第一胸椎脊髓根部发出,并且也包含从下颈椎到第一胸椎的星状神经节纤维。穿过星状神经节后的节前纤维在颈交感干内上行至颈上神经节换元。由节后神经元发出节后纤维沿颈动静脉表面走行,进人头面部和颈部的靶器官如瞳孔开大肌、提上睑肌的米勒氏肌、头颈部汗腺及血管平滑肌等。支配脸颊和额部的泌汗纤维和血管舒缩纤维在颈总动脉分叉处分开,支配额前内侧和一侧鼻子的泌汗纤维和血管舒缩纤维与眼交感神经纤维,与颈内动脉伴行,支配瞳孔开大肌。支配面部其他部分的神经纤维在三叉神经参与前与颈外动脉一起走行,分布到面部其他皮肤。上肢接受来自星状神经节的节后纤维。当病变靠近星状神经节时会影响到支配手臂、颈部和上肢及躯干上部的泌汗纤维和血管舒缩纤维;而当病变在星状神经节远端时,仅只有面部受影响。椎管内阻滞并发症主要分为与不良或过度生理反应有关的并发症,如尿潴留、高位阻滞、全脊麻、心搏停止、脊髓前动脉综合征、霍纳综合征等;与穿刺针或导管置入相关的并发症,如创伤(包括背痛、脊膜穿破、硬脊膜穿破后头痛、复视、耳鸣),神经损伤(包括神经根损伤、脊髓损伤、马尾综合征),出血,错位(包括麻醉无效或不足、硬脊膜下阻滞、意外血管内注射),导管折断或遗留,蛛网膜炎,感染(包括脑脊膜炎、硬脊膜外脓肿);与药物毒性相关的并发症,如全身性局麻醉药毒性,一过性神经学症状,马尾综合征。成人霍纳征表现为眼睑下垂、瞳孔缩小、面部无汗三联征,曾有因右颈内穿刺置管、臂从神经阻滞、椎管内麻醉后出现霍纳征的报道。成人丑角综合征与同侧瞳孔异常的发生率具有64%的相关,霍纳综合征表现一致。一项专门针对产科椎管内麻醉后出现短暂霍纳征的情况进行的调查研究分析,发现其发病率达0.4%~2.5%。研究其发生原因,行颈部及椎管内MRI检查,发现有部分患者的硬膜外导管置入了硬膜下腔;1例患者发现有颈动脉夹层。高比重局麻醉药应用及等相关因素也被考虑为椎管内麻醉诱发短暂霍纳征的原因。临床上对丑角综合征报道较少,可能因其与霍纳综合征无法完全区分有关。NidaTascilar等对5名报道为丑角综合征的成年患者进行了一系列的测试,包括泌汗测试、药理研究、电生理研究、心率变异性分析。最后进行脑部及颈胸椎MRI检查。虽然最后发现了患者均有不同部位的病变,如脑膜瘤、腔隙性梗塞、脊髓空洞、甲状腺动脉异常走行等,但还是无法确认其病因,仅能考虑与交感神经的失敏化有关。从交感神经兴奋性的改变到交感神经节前纤维的损伤,颈上神经节或交感神经节后纤维颈外动脉丛处未知的创伤,都是自主神经功能异常的原因。本例患者为低位硬膜外麻醉,尾侧置管,测麻醉平面B以下,交感神经的反应往往会差不多高于感觉平面2~6个脊柱节段,判断交感阻滞平面有可能已达T2~T3,有致去交感失敏化状态可能。经密切监测生命体征,再次椎管内注射后,无类似症状的再次出现。虽然如此,但仍不能排除硬膜下腔阻滞可能。限于当时条件,患者未行头部及脊柱MRI检查,无法排除颈椎病变致神经系统及其伴行血管走行异常可能。临床上椎管内麻醉后无论出现霍纳征还是丑角综合征,都较短暂,在临床上应严密观察生命体征,在保证患者无不适和血流动力学稳定的前提下,根据患者的临床症状和表现,可以安全选择继续行硬膜外麻醉或中止麻醉。我们应牢记,有许多的病例可以因为症状的不典型而被忽略,必要时须要求患者行头颅和脊髓的影像学检查,以排除隐匿疾病被诱发的可能。希望在未来会对椎管内麻醉与面部自主神经功能障碍的病因学进行进一步的研究,以阐明其机理,防止其发生。

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    2018-12-07 丁鹏鹏
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    2018-08-23 bugit
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    2017-12-28 wxl882001

    学习一下

    0

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    2017-12-21 狼毒花1982

    学习了感谢分享

    0

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