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《Cell》:中国科大揭示光感知促进脑发育的神经机制

2022-08-09 中国科学技术大学 网络

该研究成果提示公共卫生研究应关注新生儿日常的光环境,进一步探索光环境对新生儿大脑发育的影响。

婴幼儿在成长发育早期接受的感觉刺激(包括视觉、听觉,触觉等)对促进其大脑高级认知功能的发育具有十分重要的作用,其中视觉(光)作为人类最重要的感知能力,其促进幼年大脑发育的功能得到了广泛关注,但这种现象背后的科学机制及对婴幼儿成年后的认知和学习能力的影响尚不明确。近日中国科学技术大学生命科学与医学部薛天教授、鲍进研究员团队在揭示光促进哺乳动物幼年大脑发育的神经机制方面取得突破性进展。相关研究成果以“Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells mediate light-promoted brain development”为题发表在国际著名期刊《CELL》上。

作为人类最重要的感知觉输入,发育早期视觉(光)感知能促进多脑区的协同发育和高级脑功能的形成。先前的研究表明,在出生后即完全避光暗饲养会导致幼鼠多个感知觉皮层突触形成的减缓,其中神经肽催产素(oxytocin)可能是介导该过程的关键分子。然而,在发育早期视觉(光)是如何被感知、并通过何种神经环路和分子机制促进了多脑区协同发育、以及幼年的视觉(光)剥夺对成年高级脑功能的影响尚不清晰。

哺乳动物的视觉感知起始于视网膜。哺乳动物视网膜中主要存在三类感光细胞:视杆细胞(rods)、视锥细胞(cones)和视网膜自感光神经节细胞(intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, ipRGCs)。不同于介导视觉图像编码的经典成像视觉感光细胞:视杆细胞和视锥细胞,ipRGCs通过其基因Opn4编码的感光蛋白视黑素(melanopsin)特异性感知蓝光波段的光,并主要介导非成像视觉功能,如昼夜节律光调节、瞳孔光反射和光调控情绪等。在发育过程中,ipRGCs是最早具有感光功能的视网膜感光细胞,这暗示ipRGCs可能是介导光促进幼年大脑发育最关键的感光细胞。

研究人员首先通过敲除编码ipRGCs感光蛋白的基因Opn4,发现缺失ipRGCs感光能力(Opn4-/-)的新生鼠在出生后发育早期,其多个感觉皮层和海马椎体神经元的自发微小兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSC)频率显著降低,且形态学显示椎体神经元的树突棘(spine)数量也显著减少;而在出生后即完全避光暗饲养的实验中,对照组与Opn4-/-新生鼠皮层和海马的突触功能与数量没有显著差异。这一结果提示,ipRGCs在出生后可能介导了光促进大脑突触发生的现象。进一步,通过在Opn4-/-新生鼠视网膜ipRGCs中重新快速表达感光蛋白melanopsin,可以促进其皮层和海马的突触发生的显著提高,证明在发育早期,ipRGCs是介导小鼠早期光感受促进脑高级认知区域突触发生的充分且必要的条件(图1)。

为了进一步探究ipRGCs的光感知促进皮层和海马突触发生的环路和分子机制,研究人员通过质谱检测、新生小鼠脑及视网膜神经示踪和调控,发现当ipRGCs被光激活后,会通过视网膜至下丘脑的ipRGCs-视上核(SON)-室旁核(PVN)神经环路,激活视上核和室旁核的催产素神经元,进而提升了脑脊液中的催产素浓度;而催产素作为神经元突触建立的关键调控分子之一,直接促进了多个大脑皮层和海马的突触形成(图1)。

为了探究发育早期光促进脑突触发育对成年后高级脑认知能力的影响,研究人员通过训练小鼠学习不同频率的声音刺激与奖励/惩罚的相关性(Go/No-go行为学),发现幼年期ipRGCs光感受的缺失,会导致小鼠成年后的学习速度显著下降(图2),而这种成年后学习能力的缺陷可以被幼年时人为激活ipRGCs或视上核的催产素神经元所挽救。

综上,这项研究发现了发育早期视觉(光)感知促进大脑高级认知区域神经元突触协同发育的感光、神经环路和分子机制,并揭示了发育早期光感知对成年脑高级认知能力的影响。该研究成果提示公共卫生研究应关注新生儿日常的光环境,进一步探索光环境对新生儿大脑发育的影响。

图1:发育早期ipRGCs介导的光感知通过激活视上核(SON)和室旁核(PVN)的催产素神经元,促进不同大脑高级认知区域(大脑皮层、海马等)神经元突触的协同发育。

图2:发育早期ipRGCs介导的光感知提高成年后小鼠的学习能力。

(示意图由中国科学技术大学人文与社会科学学院刘慧老师完善)

研究团队表示,下一步团队将继续深入探索发育早期的光输入对哺乳动物健康和生存的影响,为优化新生儿成长发育的环境提供科学依据。

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    2023-02-08 维他命
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    2023-07-06 jml2009
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    2022-08-10 neurowu
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