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吴永健教授:2018年经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)年度回顾

2019-01-04 中国医学科学院阜外医院 周政 吴永健 医心评论

2018年是TAVR技术继续迈向成熟的一年,各项临床研究证据持续更新着对瓣膜性心脏病诊治的认识,并且随着器械的改进、操作水平的进步以及术者经验的不断丰富,使得TAVR这一技术的应用愈加广泛。在年终之际,医心特邀中国医学科学院阜外医院吴永健教授团队对2018年TAVR的进展进行了回顾性总结。


2018年是TAVR技术继续迈向成熟的一年,各项临床研究证据持续更新着对瓣膜性心脏病诊治的认识,并且随着器械的改进、操作水平的进步以及术者经验的不断丰富,使得TAVR这一技术的应用愈加广泛。在年终之际,医心特邀中国医学科学院阜外医院吴永健教授团队对2018年TAVR的进展进行了回顾性总结。

一、适应证进展

沿用2014年美国心脏学会/美国心脏病学会(AHA/ACC)瓣膜病管理指南中提到的瓣膜病患者危险分层,将STS<4%定义为外科手术低危,4%-8%为中危,>8%为高危。针对高危及有外科禁忌的症状性主动脉瓣重度狭窄的病人行TAVR治疗已被国内外普遍接受并实施。PARTNER II研究以及SURTAVI等多项研究结果均显示,针对中危患者行TAVR手术,在安全性及有效性方面与外科主动脉瓣置换术(SAVR)相当。2017年ACC/AHA瓣膜病指南进行了更新,将TAVR手术的适应人群扩大到了中危患者(IIa,B)。2017年欧洲心脏学会(ESC)瓣膜病指南更是将中危主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者行经股动脉路径TAVR的推荐级别升为I类推荐。

目前,针对低危患者,也有令人期待的研究正在进行。PARTNER 3研究是一项前瞻性、多中心、随机对照研究,计划入选1328例STS<2%的低危患者,1:1分配到TAVR组(应用爱德华公司的SAPIEN 3球囊扩张式瓣膜)及SAVR组,对比其安全性及有效性,并随访长达10年,该研究预计在2027年完成。另一项Evolute R的研究同样是入选低危的症状性主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者,使用美敦力人工主动脉瓣系统,计划入选1200例患者,1:1分配至TAVR组及SAVR组,验证其安全性及有效性,同样随访10年,预计于2026年完成研究。

2018年EuroPCR期间,Lars Sondergaard分享了NOTION研究6年数据的结果,这是一项前瞻性、多中心、非盲随机试验,共入组了从2009年12月至2013年4月共280例患者,目的是比较≥70岁的低危患者行TAVR与SAVR的临床效果。其结果显示,与SAVR相比,行TAVR后患者的血流动力学改善持续优于SAVR;TAVR组瓣膜结构退化率明显低于SAVR。此外,TAVR组与SAVR组均无瓣膜血栓形成,心内膜炎发生率也相似。两组的生物瓣失效率相当,发生率均较低。但该研究中主动脉瓣口尺寸基于超声心动图而非CT评估,且无核心超声心动图专家审核影像结果,存在一定局限性。

二、心肌血运重建策略的新证据

自TAVR技术开展以来,器械的发展日新月异。从最早的球囊扩张式瓣膜SAPIEN及自膨胀式瓣膜CoreValve,到后来的SAPIEN XT、SAPIEN 3、Evolute R、Evolute PRO、LOTUS、Portico valve等。器械的发展主要体现在以下几点:①输送系统的优化。增加通过性,改进鞘管使更多的患者可通过股动脉路径接受TAVR手术。例如SAPIEN 3及Evolute R人工主动脉瓣膜装载系统均可用14F的鞘管完成。②人工主动脉瓣膜设计的优化。瓣周漏问题历来是TAVR术后影响手术质量及患者预后的常见并发证之一。越来越多的瓣膜通过增加“裙边”设计来减少瓣周漏的发生。在CoreValve及PARTNER I研究中,中度和重度瓣周漏发生率分别为7.8%和11.8%。而在SURTAVI及PARTNERⅡ研究中,中度和重度瓣周漏发生率则分别为5.4%和3.7%。此外,如我们所知,球囊扩张式瓣膜较自膨胀式瓣膜的一个优势是术后永久起搏器置入率低。通过减少瓣架体高度,优化结构,可减少此类并发证的发生率。③瓣膜的耐久性。TAVR应用的人工主动脉瓣瓣膜依然是生物瓣,随着TAVR的适应证逐渐向年轻、低危人群过度,瓣膜的耐久性更是成为历年来专家们不断争论的话题。PARTNER 5年随访的结果为我们说明了人工主动脉瓣瓣膜的良好性能及耐久性。2018年CoreValve U.S. Pivotal小组也公布了高危患者TAVR5年随访结果,结果显示TAVR组平均主动脉瓣跨瓣压差为7.1±3.6 mmHg,SAVR组为10.9±5.7 mmHg,TAVR瓣膜5年耐久性与外科植入瓣膜类似(非严重瓣膜毁损率99.2% vs 98.3%,P=0.32)。但是仍缺乏更远期的随访数据,尤其是针对较为年轻及中低危的患者,良好的耐久性尤为重要。目前在研的PARTNER 3及Evolute R研究随访期均为10年,NOTION研究也被获批延长随访期至10年。

三、麻醉方式的选择

目前国外多项研究表明镇静与全麻相比的TAVR手术在1年及2年的死亡率方面无显著差异,但可以降低住院时间和费用。不过目前几乎所有的研究都有其局限性,那就是在选择镇静和全麻的手段上缺乏明确标准,可能存在选择偏倚。由于接受TAVR的病人大都很虚弱,镇静的药物选择和镇静深度需要经验极为丰富的麻醉医师来掌控,否则会影响呼吸状态及血管活性药物的过多使用。在中国,随着TAVR技术水平的不断提高,镇静的方式也越来越多的被使用。术前对于病人的评估尤其重要,包括心脏解剖形态、血管通路、气道评估、是否有严重肺动脉高压、COPD或需要呼吸机支持的睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等。相信随着经验的不断积累,高质量RCT研究数据结果的涌出,对于TAVR术中麻醉方式会有更加明确的推荐和建议。

四、极简式TAVR手术

随着TAVR手术的不断发展,手术量的增多、经验的积累以及器械的不断进步,使得极简式手术被越来越多的国外中心所推行。极简式TAVR 手术可以在普通导管室进行,采用局麻强化,经胸心脏超声,通过股动脉路入,皮下穿刺、血管缝合器缝合,将TAVR手术大大简化,而不需外科医师在场备台。而我国虽然能够开展TAVR技术的中心越来越多,但大多数仍处于学习曲线,且手术量超过100例的中心也需谨慎对待,确保手术的顺利进行,较之国外仍有差距。

五、术后抗栓策略

2017年ESC瓣膜病指南及ACC TAVR专家共识中均对TAVR术后建议给予双联抗血小板(阿司匹林75-100mg/d+氯吡格雷75mg/d)治疗3-6个月后终身单抗。而一项来自45个国外中心(美国、欧洲、澳洲)真实世界数据统计显示,只有13.3%的中心是根据国际指南制定抗栓策略,其他则是更多的融入了当地的政策及术者的经验决策。同时,文中针对TAVR术后双抗及单抗的疗效对比进行了meta分析,入选了26个研究总共11781例患者,结果显示在术后30天至6个月的卒中(P=0.49)、死亡(P=0.72)及出血(P=0.91)方面双联抗血小板较单用阿司匹林并未体现出优势。这也是很多中心逐渐缩短TAVR术后双抗时间的原因,以避免增加更多不必要的出血风险。而对于合并房颤、血栓栓塞、高凝状态及心功能低下的TAVR患者,或者术后复查CT发现瓣膜亚临床血栓表现时,抗凝(使用华法林)仍是优先推荐的。但是使用抗凝药物后出血风险较使用抗血小板药物时是增加的,期间需密切监测国际标准化比值(INR)及出血征象。非维生素K拮抗类口服抗凝药目前仍不做推荐。使用利伐沙班抗凝作为试验组的GALILEO研究因全因死亡率(6.8% vs 3.3%)及大出血事件(4.2% vs 2.4%)均较对照组显著增加而于2018年10月被提前终止。

六、并发症

常见的TAVR术后并发证有瓣周漏、脑卒中、血管并发证、心律失常和急性肾损伤,较罕见的有冠状动脉阻塞、瓣环撕裂等。随着TAVR手术器械的发展以及术者操作水平的不断提高,总体发生率不断减低。

TAVR术后轻度瓣周漏被认为是良性无害的,可随访观察。在CoreValve及PARTNER I研究中,中度和重度瓣周漏发生率分别为7.8%和11.8%。随着使用新型设计的经导管置入心脏瓣膜,以及对优化瓣膜大小、裙边的设计和植入技术理解的加深,瓣周漏的发生率显著降低。在一项新一代SPAPIEN 3瓣膜的应用研究中,1年随访结果无重度瓣周漏,且结果显示轻度瓣周漏对于1年死亡率无明显影响,体现了较前代瓣膜明显的优势。

TAVR术后新发脑血管事件亦是近年来国内外关注的热点。通过头颅MRI影像检查可检测出高达84%的患者有颅内缺血灶,尽管只有4%的患者有临床症状。目前已有多款血栓保护装置问世,部分更是已应用至临床。如Sentine脑保护装置,在临床应用中被证实了可以减少TAVR术后新发脑血管事件,但结果与对照组无统计学差异。未来脑保护装置是否能够有效减少TIA及脑卒中事件的发生仍需更多的随机试验结果证实。

TAVR术后置入永久起搏器的置入率在不同的瓣膜中有不同的结果。一项入选11210例患者的meta分析显示使用SAPIEN瓣膜的永久起搏器置入率为6%,而CoreValve的置入率则为28%。这与球囊扩张式瓣膜的瓣架体较自膨胀式瓣膜瓣架体短有关。但TAVR术后出现传导异常需要置入永久起搏器的总体发生率仍高于SAVR术,而且随着适应证的不断放宽以及手术人群的年轻化,该并发证更加引起学者们的重视。但随着TAVR器械的不断更新,永久起搏器置入率逐渐减低。新一代人工主动脉瓣膜Evolut R就将起搏器的发生率较前一代产品明显减低(从25%降至17%以下)。因此,对于在术前即存在传导阻滞等可能置入永久起搏器的高危病人,可选用球囊扩张式人工主动脉瓣膜行TAVR手术。对于TAVR术中出现短暂完全性房室传导阻滞、或者需要较大的球囊后扩张以减少瓣周漏的操作、需要较深置入瓣膜、手术复杂且时间较长、怀疑主动脉瓣损伤或炎症的情况,则至少保留临时起搏器48小时观察心律情况,如果不能恢复自主心律,则安装永久起搏器。对于术后持续存在完全性或高度房室传导阻滞的病人建议安装永久起搏器,而对于新发左束支传导阻滞及QRS延长的病人可建议使用无导线临时起搏器及长程监测出院。

TAVR术后急性肾损伤有多种原因,包括快速起搏时血流不稳定、数学、围手术期栓塞以及造影剂的使用等。一组统计数据显示SAVR术后的急性肾损伤发生率在3.4%-43%,而TAVR术后的发生率在3.4%-57%。目前通过合理的围术期水化、减少造影剂的使用等方面尽可能的避免急性肾损伤的发生。

七、TAVR术后感染性心内膜炎(TAVR-IE)的诊治

与外科人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎一样,TAVR-IE的诊断尤其困难。超声心动图诊断价值较低,即使是CT也未被证实能明确IE在其中的表现。TAVR-IE未来的研究应包括现代影像学技术。虽然指南中指出对于有充血性心力衰竭、瓣膜相关并发证及血栓高风险的IE患者尽早手术,但对于TAVR-IE患者却并非如此,因为这些患者往往存在禁忌证或手术高风险。在一项较大的注册研究中,TAVR-IE的在院死亡率高达36%,2年死亡率高达66.7%。其中仅有14.8%接受了外科手术,但却无法明显降低院内死亡率。因此,最好的办法就是预防IE的发生。包括预防性使用抗生素、严格无菌操作,消毒监护环境等措施。由于TAVR-IE明确诊断困难且危害极大,越来越多的欧洲中心成立心内膜炎小组,包括心内科医生、心外科医生、影像学专家、传染病学专家、微生物学专家等,再次显示了心脏团队的重要性。

八、二叶式主动脉瓣的TAVR治疗

随着TAVR器械技术的进步和手术量的不断增加,二叶式主动脉瓣(BAV)的患者被越来越多的发现。TAVR治疗二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄的使用也日益增多,越累越多的学者关注其临床结局。二叶式主动脉瓣由于其特殊的解剖结构及力学表现,尤其是0型二叶瓣,行TAVR术易发生瓣周漏、瓣膜移位、主动脉夹层等并发证,使手术难度和风险均高于三叶式主动脉瓣。目前已有研究显示TAVR治疗二叶式主动脉瓣较三叶式主动脉瓣在手术成功率及死亡率方面并无显著差异,但是确实增加了瓣周漏的发生,且有更高的瓣中瓣发生率。因此,二瓣化主动脉瓣狭窄进行TAVR治疗仍存在挑战。可考虑需要可回收、径向支撑力高、具备防瓣周漏装置的新一代器械进行手术,如SAPIEN 3、LOTUS等。一项二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄经TAVR治疗的研究显示,使用新一代瓣膜,中度及以上瓣周漏的发生率较老一代瓣膜明显降低(0.0% vs 8.5%)。但研究中样本量较少,仍需较长时间及试验去验证其安全性及有效性。

九、TAVR“瓣中瓣”技术的应用

对于二次开胸手术高危的主动脉瓣生物瓣膜毁损的患者,TAVR手术提供了一种安全有效的方式,即“瓣中瓣”技术。PARTNER II Valve in Valve研究结果表明在高风险的患者,对生物瓣膜毁损的患者行TAVR手术具有较低的死亡率和并发证发生率,且在术后1年的血流动力学,功能和生活质量的的改善有明显效果。可见对于SAVR术后生物瓣膜退化的外科高危患者,TAVR“瓣中瓣”也是一种合理的治疗选择。但由于既往已行外科换瓣的患者体内存在一种生物瓣膜,因此在行TAVR手术时历来被认为存在瓣膜大小型号不匹配、限制了TAVR人工瓣膜的充分扩张进而减少了瓣膜的最大瓣口面积。John T Saxon教授在一文中提到,可通过“生物瓣膜断裂”方法来改进这些缺陷,即在TAVR置入人工主动脉瓣膜前或后使用非顺应性瓣膜成形球囊定位在生物瓣膜框架内,给予高压充气以断裂外科缝合环,从而达到更大的瓣口面积,降低跨瓣压差,并在临床中应用证实了该项方法,但是对于冠脉阻塞及主动脉根部损伤高风险的病人,该项方法的安全性仍有待探究。

十、低流速、低压差主动脉瓣重度狭窄病人的TAVR治疗

低流速、低压差的主动脉瓣重度狭窄病人预后差。PARTNER研究中显示了针对此类患者行TAVR及SAVR均比单独药物治疗改善预后及生存质量,且TAVR及SAVR组间比较无明显差异。

十一、主动脉瓣重度狭窄合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的治疗

慢性阻塞性肺疾病往往使心脏术后的呼吸系统相关并发证风险增加。Tomo Ando教授回顾分析了在2011年-2014年接受TAVR及SAVR手术治疗的60岁以上合并有COPD的主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者,将1210例TAVR患者及1208例SAVR患者进行对比,在急性呼吸衰竭、再插管、气管切开和肺炎的并发证发生率方面,TAVR组明显少于SAVR组。无创机械通气的使用在两组间相似。因此,对于此类病人,TAVR术式可能更为有利。

十二、急诊TAVR手术的现状

症状性主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者生活质量差,病情变化急骤,往往可短时间内出现急性失代偿性心力衰竭。严重时对于药物反应性差,死亡风险极高。而对于此类情况,及时解除瓣膜梗阻意义重大。目前,国外已有多家中心能够在经胸心脏超声(TTE)及经食管超声心动图(TEE)的评估下完成急诊TAVR手术,挽救了患者的生命。在我国,亦有部分病例报道,但由于心脏团队的构建及磨合、手术高风险、费用昂贵及医患关系等因素,急诊TAVR手术的开展仍需多方努力,未来必将有实质性进步。

十三、TAVR术后心脏康复

TAVR患者多数是老老年患者,TAVR术后治疗除了改善症状、防治并发证外,更重要的是提高患者的生活质量。TAVR术后的心脏康复是实现这一目的的重要手段之一。目前,心脏康复越累越受到业界重视,且国内部分中心已具备相对完善的心脏康复设备及人员配置,为患者进行针对性的康复治疗。TAVR患者心脏康复的主要流程是:术前、术后评估→术前调理→术后康复训练→出院后康复训练。在2017年ESC瓣膜病管理指南中,除了STS评估手术风险外,另外针对主要器官系统障碍、手术特定性障碍的评估,以及虚弱程度、运动机能、认知情况、营养状态的判定做出了各自定义,不局限于心脏病的“结构”,而是强调了患者的“整体性”。通过这些指标,制定运动处方和长期康复计划,尽快最大程度改善生活质量。在住院期间,可通过健康教育、改变生活方式、心理疏导、药物处方以及结合心肺运动实验结果给予运动规划来尽早恢复体能。并建议术后1-6个月于康复门诊继续进行治疗。此后依据病情和门诊康复治疗情况制定长期家庭康复计划,巩固治疗效果。定期门诊修正心脏康复处方。

十四、我国的发展

目前,全国可行TAVR手术的中心有20个省市逾80家医院,总共完成手术2000余例,其中,经外周血管入路约1600例。在此期间,第一个国内自主设计、具有完全自主知识产权的瓣膜Venus A于2017年5月上市。同样具有我国自主知识产权第二代介入瓣膜J-Valve也于2017年5月宣布上市,可同时治疗主动脉瓣狭窄和关闭不全。VitaFlow及Sapien XT瓣膜完成入组,进入随访阶段。Sapien 3及TaurusOne瓣膜均处于入组病人阶段。

在影像评估方面,结合中国人群个体化特点,由中国医学科学院阜外医院吴永健教授团队提出的多平面瓣环测量技术、复旦大学附属中山医院葛均波院士团队提出的小球囊测量方法、浙江大学医学院附属第二医院王建安教授团队提出的序贯球囊测量策略以及四川大学华西医院陈茂教授团队提出的Optimal Reshaping优化测量技术均为我国TAVR技术的发展做出了实质性贡献。

国家十二五项目中由中国医学科学院阜外医院牵头的我国首个瓣膜性心脏病全国前瞻性队列研究“中国老年瓣膜性心脏病住院患者队列研究”(CHINA-DVD)已经结束,并于2018欧洲心脏病学年会上由吴永健教授报告了初步数据。

与欧美不同的是,我国二叶式主动脉瓣患者居多,钙化程度更重。而且目前我国国内各中心TAVR经验及团队构建差异明显,多数中心处于学习曲线,机遇与挑战并存。而随着新一代瓣膜进入临床,手术成功率将不断提高,并发证也将不断降低。如世界首个预装瓣膜Venibri Valve使得瓣膜可以在导管室随取随用,Venus A+可回收系统、Vitaflow可回收系统以及经股动脉途径的J-Valve将会给我们的手术自主创新带来越来越多的思路。

此外,经多中心合作,中华医学会心血管病分会结构学组和中国医师协会心血管病分会结构专家委员会于今年发布了《中国经导管主动脉瓣置入术临床路径2018》,旨为中国TAVR技术的发展铺垫可靠基石,为更多的临床医生提供帮助,为更多的患者解决病痛。

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    2019-03-13 yxch48
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    2019-01-09 orangesking

    0

  4. 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  5. 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  6. 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  7. 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    2019-01-06 lsj631
  8. 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  9. 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  10. 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    2019-01-04 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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