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火棉胶样婴儿并发新生儿败血症 1 例

2018-04-18 郑威 杨涛 尤聪 临床皮肤科杂志

患儿女,10d。因全身皮肤红斑9d,于2014年11月5日于我院新生儿科住院治疗。

【一般资料】

患儿女,10d。

【主诉】

因全身皮肤红斑9d,于2014年11月5日于我院新生儿科住院治疗。

【现病史】

患儿为早产儿(妊娠31周),出生10h后全身皮肤紧张伴潮红,如羊皮纸样,触之光滑、质韧,症状进行性加重,随后出现四肢肿胀、皲裂、眼睑外翻,口唇如鱼嘴样,伴发热和腹泻,于在当地医院住院5d,诊断未明,门诊拟“新生儿败血症、先天性鱼鳞病”入院。

【家族史】

患儿父母体健,非近亲结婚,母亲孕期健康,否认孕前及孕期用药史,否认家族遗传病史。

【体格检查】

T38.2℃,P147次/min,R40次/min,体重3.2kg,身长42cm,头围30cm,胸围30cm,腹围29cm,神志清,反应差,哭声微弱。心肺腹无异常,四肢屈曲不能伸直,肌张力正常,生理反射稍弱。皮肤科检查:双眼睑外翻,眼结膜充血,鼻部厚痂堵塞鼻孔,口张开如鱼嘴样,口唇外翻,双耳廓畸形,全身可见紧张发亮的黄色板状厚痂壳,似羊皮纸样,全身多处皲裂、出血,以颈部、腋窝、腹股沟及膝肘等皮肤皱褶处明显,可见鲜红皮肤及浆痂,手足掌面暗红瘀斑伴重度水肿,指趾屈曲,外阴潮红,黏膜轻度糜烂(图1A)。


A:(治疗前)全身可见紧张光亮的黄色痂壳,似羊皮纸样,颈部、腋窝、腹股沟及膝肘多处皲裂、糜 烂,皮肤鲜红薄嫩,双眼睑外翻,眼结膜充血,鼻部厚痂堵塞鼻孔,口唇外翻,双耳廓畸形,手足掌暗 红瘀斑、重度水肿,指趾屈曲,外阴潮红,黏膜轻度糜烂;B、 C:(治疗后)全身散在细薄鳞屑 图 1 火棉胶样婴儿并发新生儿败血症患儿治疗前、后面部、躯干及四肢皮损

【辅助检查】

血常规中白细胞18.45×109/L[正常值(3.5~9.5)×109/L,以下同],中性粒细胞比例0.869(0.400~0.750);血氧饱和度86%(90%~100%),降钙素原3.48mg/L(<0.05mg/L),血培养(双侧单瓶)均显示表皮葡萄球菌生长,药敏试验:头孢唑啉、万古霉素及左氧氟沙星敏感,青霉素耐药。

【初步诊断

火棉胶样婴儿;新生儿败血症。

【治疗】

入恒温暖箱,湿度60%,高锰酸钾水浴后糜烂处外用莫匹罗星乳膏,全身外用雅漾三重修复霜加5%尿素霜,纱布包扎,眼部用人工眼泪及金霉素眼膏预防感染。头孢呋辛(50mg/kg)静脉滴注,每日2次,补液及营养支持治疗,维生素AD胶丸1粒(含维生素A2300IU维生素D1000IU),口服每日2次。l周后患儿明显好转,半个月后出院,出院后1个月复诊,胶样痂壳完全脱除,但全身仍有散在细薄鳞屑(图1B、C),患儿体重偏轻,出现黄疸。半年后复诊,皮肤完全正常。

【讨论】

火棉胶样婴儿(collodionbaby,CB)是一种罕见的常染色体遗传性疾病,患儿多为早产儿,出生时全身皮肤就覆盖着一层由增生角质层形成的肥厚及紧张有光泽的胶样痂壳,似火棉胶样,肢体受限,眼睑有外翻、唇外翻、鼻软骨和耳廓软骨发育不良。常伴发高渗性脱水、缺氧、营养不良及皮肤感染,甚至肺部感染及败血症等,死亡率很高。本病的机制并不十分清楚,可能与脂质形成酶或脂质运载体的功能缺失有关,其中已经证实由于位于染色体14q12上编码表皮交联酶转谷氨酰胺酶-1的基因发生突变导致了该酶的功能缺失有关,最终形成了严重的角化过度、屏障功能受损及严重的经皮水分丢失。有学者认为CB并非一种独立的疾病[2],常见于常染色体隐性遗传性先天性鱼鳞病、鱼鳞病样红皮病、板层状鱼鳞病等[1]。患儿通常在出生后2周内,胶样痂壳大片脱落,大部分患儿逐渐演变为先天性鱼鳞病样红皮病和板层状鱼鳞病。少部分轻症患儿有自愈倾向,称为自愈性火棉胶婴儿[2],预后良好,可恢复正常容貌及皮肤,智力和体格发育亦不受影响。少数患儿可演变为Sjogren-Larsson综合征、伴毛发硫营养障碍性鱼鳞病、中性脂质贮积病、婴儿Gaucher病等。CB组织病理改变为角质层角化过度,组织病理检查常在患儿演变为各型鱼鳞病或其他表型时才更有意义。根据CB时间上表现为出生后即发作、2周左右脱膜,皮损表现为全身羊皮纸样膜、眼睑外翻、肢体限于特殊位置等特点,鉴别诊断不难。CB在治疗上不宜强行剥离痂壳及使用强效角质剥脱剂,这可能增加感染和经皮吸收药物的风险。建议将患儿放置在湿润的保温箱,并外用润肤剂。本例患儿的特点为并发新生儿败血症。新生儿败血症指细菌或真菌感染导致的新生儿败血症,病原菌侵入血液中生长繁殖,产生毒素而造成的全身性中毒反应,发病率约1%~5%。新生儿败血症与早产、低体重、皮肤破损、侵袭性操作、羊水污染、母亲产前感染性疾病密切相关。我国病原菌血培养阳性率约5.7%,以革兰氏阳性菌多见,占80.24%,表皮葡萄球菌及溶血性葡萄球菌为主,革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯杆菌及大肠埃希菌为主,真菌感染较少见[3]。本例患儿血培养示表皮葡萄球菌生长,本例患儿为早产儿,可能免疫功能未完善,因多处皲裂伤口感染病原菌,皮肤屏障功能下降,病原菌侵入血液导致败血症的发生。治疗上选用敏感抗生素,足量足疗程,供给足够热量和液体,注意对酸中毒、电解质紊乱、脑水肿和休克等常见并发症加强对症支持治疗,静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白有较好疗效。新生儿败血症早期往往缺乏典型的临床表现,仅表现为饮乳减少、烦躁不安、哭声低微、低热或不发热等,但病情进展迅速,病情险恶是其特点,早期诊断有重要意义。降钙素原和C反应蛋白、血小板计数的异常升高对早期诊断新生儿败血症具有较高的敏感性及特异性[4],产前、产中及产后防止可能的感染是预防本病的关键。

原始出处:

郑威, 杨涛, 尤聪,等. 火棉胶样婴儿并发新生儿败血症1例[J]. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2018(3).

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    2019-04-04 丁鹏鹏
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    2018-04-18 易水河

    学习学习吧

    0

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    2018-04-18 虈亣靌

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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