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胡大一:关于我国血脂异常与动脉粥样硬化性心血管病防控的思考

2014-06-11 胡大一 中华内科杂志

2013年国际动脉粥样硬化学会(IAS)和美国心脏病学学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)先后发布了有关血脂异常与动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(ASCVD)防控的建议与指南,引起国内外广泛关注与争议,在我国广大临床医生尤其基层医生中产生了质疑与困惑。中国成人血脂异常防治指南(2007版)于2007年发表(以下简称2007年中国指南),新指南修订预期2015年方可结束。目前我国在血脂异常与ASCVD

2013年国际动脉粥样硬化学会(IAS)和美国心脏病学学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)先后发布了有关血脂异常与动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(ASCVD)防控的建议与指南,引起国内外广泛关注与争议,在我国广大临床医生尤其基层医生中产生了质疑与困惑。中国成人血脂异常防治指南(2007版)于2007年发表(以下简称2007年中国指南),新指南修订预期2015年方可结束。目前我国在血脂异常与ASCVD防控方面应如何行动?

笔者认真学习了国际的指南与建议,也组织并参加了多场国内相关领域专家的讨论,形成如下思考与建议:

1.2007年中国指南的总体框架仍可沿用,指导临床医生的实践。2007年中国指南是充分汇总、评价和引用中国研究数据写成的,主要证据来源于中国的流行病学研究。制定指南到底依靠什么样的证据?从RCT获得证据固然重要,但绝不能唯RCT;最不能忽视的是流行病学的数据,否则2007年中国指南就无法产生。

这也正是诸多国际学者和学术机构对ACC/AHA指南最重要的质疑与批评。流行病学研究是预防医学的基础与基石,血压、血脂和血糖的控制目标主要基于流行病学研究而非RCT.ACC/AHA摒弃流行病学研究就必然取消危险因素控制目标。控烟戒烟对慢性病的重大作用主要基于流行病学研究,几乎无任何RCT证据支持。

RCT有严格的入选和排除标准,许多国际大型RCT中老年人、肾功能和肝功能受损患者及欧美国家以外的患者入选的很少,女性的代表性也明显不足。RCT大多为制药企业为其药品上市做的研究,并非均针对临床的实际问题。而且,近1/3的RCT结束5年后未公开发表,这些绝大多数为结果阴性的研究。

指导心血管疾病防控指南的产生,应该是从心血管疾病洗行病学研究揭示心血病的危险因素高血压、高胆固醇血症、吸烟和糖尿病,到针'对这些危险因素干预(生活方式改变和药物治疗)的RCT,从而形成以循证医学为基础的指南。如果唯RCT,必然如ACC/AHA新指南,丢失了从理论到实践的科学体系,而变成推荐大剂量他汀类药物的工具。

按照2007年中国指南设定的危险分层达标要求,临床实践中仍存在很大的差距。实现2007年中国指南目标可获得明显的ASCVD防控效果。

2007年中国指南虽未明确提出ASCVD概念,但已经把冠心病与缺血性卒中整合起来进行风险评估与干预,已明显不同于仅针对冠心病事件的美国胆固醇教育计划-成人治疗指南(NCEP-ATP3)。

2007年中国指南除充分强调以他汀类药物为主线的降LDL-C策略,也考虑到我国人群中血TG高的人数众多的情况,没有片面一概排除他汀类药物以外的其他降脂药物。对有中国RCT证据的血脂康做了明确推荐。2007年中国指南之前的中国血脂异常防治建议中已提出将TG的控制目标值设于〈1.7mmol/L(〈150mg/dl)。之后欧美国家的指南共识都接受了这一推荐。

2.我国广大医生熟悉多年来国际广泛采用的危险分层达标干预策略,应保留LDL-C的干预目标。

可考虑把2007年中国指南中列为高危和极高危患者的LDL-C目标修订为〈1.8mmol/L(〈70mg/dl)。

ASCVD一级预防的LDL-C可沿用2007年中国指南设定目标,或考虑IAS推荐的理想LDL-C目标(〈2.6mmol/L)或接近理想LDL-C目标(〈3.3mmol/L),一级预防应充分重视改变生活方式治疗。

3.我国大多数患者所需的他汀类药物剂量为ACC/AHA指南中所列的"中等强度"剂量。即:瑞舒伐他汀5~10mg/d,阿托伐他汀10~20mg/d,辛伐他汀20~40mg/d,普伐他汀40~80mg/d,氟伐他汀80mg/d,匹伐他汀2~4mg/d和血脂康的常规剂量。如使用常规剂量后,LDL-C不能达标者,可增加他汀类药物剂量;如不能耐受增加剂量,可用他汀类药物联合依折麦布。

一级预防中,根据患者的危险程度和基线LDL-C水平,也可使用小剂量他汀类药物。

盲目推动大剂量他汀类药物不适宜我国国情,我国最需使用他汀类药物的高危和极高危人群的基线LDL-C水平明显低于欧美国家患者,降LDL-C达标的剂量明显小于欧美国家患者。不建议在我国患者使用大剂量他汀类药物更重要的原因是安全性隐患和难以承担的成本。

心脏保护研究-2(HPS-2)中,使用相同剂量他汀类药物的中国患者的他汀类药物相关的不良反应是欧洲国家患者的11倍。欧美国家他汀类药物最大剂量与小剂量价格相同,而我国最大强度与常规剂量以用药片数计算,最大剂量的价格是常规剂量价格的4倍。欧美国家过了专利保护期的他汀类的仿制品价格大幅下降,而我国仿制品的价格降幅十分有限。

4.TG明显升高或混合型血脂异常者,除加强生活方式改变外,可考虑使用或联合使用非诺贝特或鱼油制剂。我国临床医生使用烟酸较少。

5.因不良反应不能耐受他汀类药物的患者,可参照IAS推荐的方案,依次为:(1)更换他汀类药物品种;(2)减少他汀类药物剂量;(3)隔日服用他汀类药物;(4)依折麦布、非诺见特等单一或联合使用;(5)植物甾醇;(6)加强生活方式干预。

6.坚持科学公益,抵制商业利益干扰:百年胆固醇学说是预防ASCVD的基石,不能动摇。如同降压药物防控ASCVD主要获益来自血压下降本身一样,他汀类药物和其他降脂药物防控ASCVD的主要获益来自LDL-C下降本身,而非降压、降LDL-C以外的多效性,如炎症、抗氧化等。

基于小样本、替代终点和短时随访的探索性研究结果不能成为指导临床用药的证据。在我国广泛推行突击他汀类药物大剂量的序贯疗法是企业的市场推广行为。在国内已完成的一些研究及中韩合作研究的预后结果都是阴性的。

以降LDL-C"50/18"目标(即从LDL-C基线水平下降50%或降至1.8mmol/L)的口号也基于制药企业的市场策划。它借鉴但有意改变了欧洲LDL-C达标两个数字的先后康序。欧洲指南推荐高危人群LDL-C降至〈I.8mmol/L,如不能降到〈I.8mmol/L,应从用药前基线LDL-C水平下降50%,应是"18/50",把之倒过来变为"50/18",必然推动他汀类药物大剂量用药。

ACC/AHA新指南发布后,美国脂质学会、美国内分泌医师协会、美国全科医师协会立即发表声明,不同意、不执行ACC/AHA指南。最近欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(EAS)指南专家委员会发表系统声明,不同意ACC/AHA指南。其主要观点与笔者上述建议高度一致。


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