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病例:鱼生很好吃?小心被它“吃”了!

2018-05-25 郑世军 刘君凤 齐永海 周坤 MedSci原创

近年来,生食海鲜逐渐风靡了起来,随之而来的就是生食海鲜导致寄生虫感染的风险。那么,食用不安全的生鱼片、醉虾醉蟹是你吃它呢......还是“它们”在吃你呢?



近年来,生食海鲜逐渐风靡了起来,随之而来的就是生食海鲜导致寄生虫感染的风险。那么,食用不安全的生鱼片、醉虾醉蟹是你吃它呢......还是“它们”在吃你呢?

生食海鲜鲜嫩可口,生鱼片,醉虾醉蟹什么的一向都是老饕们的最爱,但是今天这位在满足口腹之欲的同时,也让虫儿们在他的身体里开了一个party。

王先生喜好海鲜河鲜,熟知各种烹饪方法,自诩鲜味美食家,据他所说海鲜河鲜最鲜的还是生吃,平素最爱各类生鱼片。别人告诉他这样吃容易感染寄生虫,劝他一定要少吃,但是他嗤之以鼻,依然我行我素。

但是长在河边走哪有不湿鞋,这天王先生终于进了医院。王先生早上起来突然觉得胸痛胸闷,没有恶心呕吐,无其他不适。请假休息一天也没有好转,晚上病情加重就被家人叫了辆救护车送到了医院。

在急诊的时候,接诊医生问了病史,并没有意识到是寄生虫感染的王先生及家属只说胸痛胸闷也说不出其他什么有用的信息。医生也就只能根据目前的症状给他查了下B超和CT。

B超示:肝内胆管扩张。

实验室查血常规示:WBC21.8×10^9/L,嗜酸性粒细胞高到了30%。

医生这一看不对劲啊,这很可能是寄生虫感染的啊。赶紧追问患者和家属,平时吃生的东西吗?

家属就说,吃,可爱吃了,说他都不听。

医生就说,吃出问题了,八成是肝吸虫了。为了确诊又加了相关的免疫学检查,结果确实是肝吸虫。华支睾吸虫,又称肝吸虫,人类常因食用未经煮熟含有华支睾吸虫囊蚴的淡水鱼或虾而被感染。据世界卫生组织在17年公布的致癌物清单,该寄生虫属于一类致癌物。

确诊了之后赶紧让王先生住院治疗。入院后影像科把胸部CT给送来了,一看,唉,这也有问题。

肺CT示:双肺多发结节状阴影,部分中心见空洞,部分空洞内可见条形轨道征。初步诊断为慢性感染性病变。这肺部感染是怎么回事啊?


结节内空洞,空洞内可见条形轨道征

这估计不止一种虫啊,那肺里住着的是啥虫子呢。经验性地查了几种可能的寄生虫,最后肺吸虫抗原皮试阳性,并胸部穿刺活检,病理回报:“非干酪性排列紊乱的上皮样肉芽肿为主。首先考虑结节病,结合病史不除外肺吸虫性肉芽肿”。

这王先生身上的虫子可不少啊。对于肝吸虫和肺吸虫的治疗,吡喹酮是首选的药物。负责王先生的医生就给他开了一个疗程(半个月)的口服。半个月后,复查实验室检查无殊,不咳嗽、无痰,胸部无不适。再次口服吡喹酮一个疗程后,CT复查:原有病灶部分吸收,但又出现新病灶。



后未经任何治疗,三个月后复查,肺内病灶均吸收消失。

讨论

华支睾吸虫寄生于人体肝胆管内,由虫体与虫卵及其毒性分泌物所产生的堵塞与机械磨擦刺激而导致人体肝胆管损害,华支睾吸虫病抗体检测阳性;肝实质以肝内回声增粗为多见,部分伴肝肿大,依次为肝内胆管显露,管壁增强,胆囊壁增厚,胆囊增大,而无明显肝外胆管扩张表现,粪便检出华支睾吸虫虫卵与手术切除胆囊时发现华支睾吸虫成虫则为诊断华支睾吸虫病的直接确凿证据。

肺吸虫的成虫寄生在人及其他哺乳动物的肺内,也可寄生于肺以外的组织和器官。东北地区以卫氏肺吸虫为主,其具有较强的收缩运动能力,人若进食含有其囊蚴的生或未煮熟的石蟹或蜊蛄时,囊蚴随之进入消化道,经消化液作用脱囊成为童虫,童虫的活动能力很强,加上所分泌的酶的作用,可穿过肠壁到腹腔浆膜表面匍甸,其中多数童虫沿肝表面向上移行,直接贯穿膈面而达胸腔,进而侵入肺内并发育为成虫,少数童虫停留于腹腔内,继续发育。肺吸虫的致病作用主要是由其虫体(童虫及成虫)在组织内游走或定居,对局部组织造成机械性损伤;虫体代谢产物等抗原物质会导致人体的免疫病理反应。由于肺吸虫卵在人体内不能发育成毛蚴,不分泌可溶性抗原,因此与血吸虫卵所致的病变不同,仅引起异物肉芽肿反应。

肺吸虫病的胸部CT表现分为5类分别是浸润性、支气管周围炎样、囊状阴影、胸腔积液改变和空洞灶,根据出现的时间先后,浸润性和支气管周围炎样属感染早期的表现,囊状阴影为亚早期或脓肿期,进入囊壁内和周围组织的虫卵,可形成异物肉芽肿,由于虫体有游走习性,故可离开原囊肿,在其附近继续破坏组织,形成新囊肿,囊肿间常以窦道互相沟通,形成多房性囊肿。

囊肿内成虫如迁移或死亡、溶解后,囊内容物可被逐渐吸收,囊肿为肉芽组织所充填,最后形成瘢痕。附壁结节空洞则为消退期的改变,胸腔积液可单独存在或伴随肺部病变出现,浸润性病灶主要见于早期的病例,为肺吸虫在肺组织中穿凿迁移而引起的出血性病灶和局部过敏性反应渗出混合影,为边界不清的大片或小班片融合成的云絮状影,形态不定,境界不清,炎性病灶中隐约可见小泡囊,这些表现与肺的一般感染难以区分,胸膜病变由于肺吸虫虫体穿过横膈进入胸膜腔。

肺吸虫病肺部的CT改变,除附壁结节空洞及空洞内发现条状高密度虫体影有一定的诊断意义外,浸润性病灶和支气管周围炎样改变以及单发或伴发的胸膜炎与其他原因的炎性病变并无鉴别依据,肺吸虫的诊断很大程度上依赖于病史及活检,单靠影像难以诊断。

有文献报道其诊断标准为:

(1) 有流行病感染史,主要为生食史;

(2)血嗜酸细胞升高并排除其它寄生虫感染;

(3)有肺吸虫在体内移行造成的过敏性病变和相应的症状、体征和X线征象;

(4)肺吸虫抗原皮试阳性;

(5)肺吸虫循环抗体阳性;

(6)痰、粪便或肺组织中发现肺吸虫虫卵“以上6项中有3项‘必须包括(4)、(5)或(6)中的l项’或3项以上者即可诊断’’。

应注意与下疾病鉴别:

1、 肺结核和结核性胸膜炎:肺结核患者常见咯血、低热、盗汗和其他全身中毒症状,CT检查示病灶多在肺尖和上肺野,痰菌阳性有助于鉴别;

2、 过敏性支气管炎:患者因吸入致敏原而引起过敏性支气管炎,表现咳嗽、咳痰,痰中带血,患者血清中含有数种致敏原抗体,血清学检查可确诊,患者离开致敏环境后,病情可迅速好转;

3、 支气管扩张症:主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰,痰呈脓性,嗜酸性粒细胞少,无肺吸虫虫卵;CT可有肺纹理增加,囊腔形成和肺不张,一般根据临床表现和CT改变可确诊。

肺吸虫病是一种较少见的寄生虫病,且临床表现无特异性,一般临床医生很难首先想到本病,因此我们要拓宽诊断思路,积累临床经验,及主诊医生对患者进行流行病学史以及病史详细询问,可增强对本病的认识,防止造成误诊,并应做好宣传教育工作,使群众了解肝、肺吸虫病的感染途径、传播方式和对人的危害性,增强防病意识。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319352, encodeId=9812319352b7, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Mon May 28 10:22:44 CST 2018, time=2018-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319024, encodeId=929f31902476, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLmPtzR7xDc3HudQIyLzBnnxT1S2YvZicC1LianY1JW3YuwPtQyaWFpOkN3XX1OgGCGvugCsCumarpQ/132, createdBy=32052314941, createdName=2824896105_45376428, createdTime=Sun May 27 10:42:31 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318685, encodeId=cccf318685b5, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:11:38 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318678, encodeId=017f3186e8ee, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:10:08 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318665, encodeId=70a2318665ad, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat May 26 07:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318527, encodeId=4a4831852ef1, content=应该科普.让更多人关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=8f1738678, createdName=greenleaf, createdTime=Fri May 25 21:01:52 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318506, encodeId=f0ab318506dc, content=饮食安全.健康饮食., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:18:08 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318502, encodeId=675d318502aa, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0aa31415219, createdName=orangesking, createdTime=Fri May 25 17:12:19 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-28 吴教授

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-05-27 2824896105_45376428

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-05-26 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-05-26 yfjms

    学习

    0

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    2018-05-26 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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    2018-05-25 greenleaf

    应该科普.让更多人关注

    0

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    2018-05-25 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    饮食安全.健康饮食.

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319352, encodeId=9812319352b7, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Mon May 28 10:22:44 CST 2018, time=2018-05-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319024, encodeId=929f31902476, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLmPtzR7xDc3HudQIyLzBnnxT1S2YvZicC1LianY1JW3YuwPtQyaWFpOkN3XX1OgGCGvugCsCumarpQ/132, createdBy=32052314941, createdName=2824896105_45376428, createdTime=Sun May 27 10:42:31 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318685, encodeId=cccf318685b5, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:11:38 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318678, encodeId=017f3186e8ee, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Sat May 26 08:10:08 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318665, encodeId=70a2318665ad, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat May 26 07:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318527, encodeId=4a4831852ef1, content=应该科普.让更多人关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=8f1738678, createdName=greenleaf, createdTime=Fri May 25 21:01:52 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318506, encodeId=f0ab318506dc, content=饮食安全.健康饮食., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:18:08 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318502, encodeId=675d318502aa, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0aa31415219, createdName=orangesking, createdTime=Fri May 25 17:12:19 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-25 orangesking

    0

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