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Nat Cell Biol:脱发可能真的有救了!科学家成功使用两种药物激活毛囊干细胞,促使毛发再生

2017-08-24 王新凯 奇点网

科学家们不仅从未放弃过对脱发的研究,而且越来越重磅!但是这次,不能只用重磅来形容了,因为希望真的来了!

这已经是从今年5月份以来,奇点糕写的第三篇关于脱发研究的报道了。先是科学家意外发现KROX20蛋白在脱发过程中的重要作用,再是《细胞》杂志发文指出调节性T细胞参与对毛囊干细胞的调控。

科学家们不仅从未放弃过对脱发的研究,而且越来越重磅!但是这次,不能只用重磅来形容了,因为希望真的来了!

就在上周,《Nature Cell Biology》刊登了这项美国加州大学洛杉矶分校研究人员的最新成果[1],他们在对毛囊干细胞代谢过程的研究中发现,毛囊干细胞中的乳酸对于新毛发的生长起着关键作用。当毛囊进入休止期后,毛囊干细胞中乳酸含量开始增加,原本处于静止状态的毛囊干细胞被激活,促使开启新一轮毛发生长周期。

更重要的是,研究人员已经确定了两种作用于皮肤细胞的药物UK-5099和RCGD423,能够提高毛囊干细胞中乳酸代谢水平,强烈促使新毛发的生长!


毛发结构

毛发的生长周期分为三个阶段,生长期、退化期和休止期。人类的头发在毛囊休止期自然脱落,正常情况下休止期之后,毛囊会重生,新的头发也会生长出来,如此周而复始,直到毛囊彻底萎缩。毛囊之所以能够维持这种周而复始的循环能力,就是因为毛囊底部毛囊干细胞的存在[2]。

在每一次的毛发生长周期中,毛囊干细胞的激活是先决条件。如果这些毛囊干细胞没有被激活,毛发自然脱落后无法长出新的毛发,也就造成了“秃”的现象。毛囊干细胞的一生中,大多时候都处于静止状态,但是当需要长出新毛发的时候,毛囊干细胞能够精准进入激活状态。一直以来,科学家们对于毛囊干细胞两种状态精准调控的机制知之甚少,也不清楚究竟什么原因阻止了毛囊干细胞的正常活化。

在这项研究中,研究人员的思路是,观察毛囊干细胞在整个毛发生长周期中的新陈代谢动态变化,以期能够找到有价值的线索。

果然,研究人员发现毛囊干细胞中比其它皮肤细胞存在更多的乳酸。与之对应的是,研究人员还观察到了毛囊干细胞LDHA基因(编码乳酸脱氢酶)表达的显著增加,以及乳酸脱氢酶活性的大幅增强。

乳酸脱氢酶是一种糖酵解酶,存在于机体所有组织细胞的胞质内,能催化丙酮酸生成乳酸。在细胞呼吸作用过程中,葡萄糖分子进入细胞后,首先在细胞质基质中被分解为丙酮酸,丙酮酸进入线粒体后,经过我们熟悉的三羧酸循环或柠檬酸循环,也就是有氧呼吸过程,和氧气结合产生二氧化碳与水,同时释放大量能量,但是丙酮酸也可以不经过有氧呼吸,在乳酸脱氢酶的催化下产生乳酸,并释放少量能量[3]。


细胞呼吸作用代谢途径

也就是说,细胞呼吸作用过程中产生乳酸是正常现象,但是毛囊干细胞中为何要比其它皮肤细胞产生更多的乳酸?研究人员进一步观察发现,毛囊干细胞细胞中的乳酸,是在毛囊进入休止期时显著增加,然后又在新一轮毛发生长后,即毛囊干细胞回到静止状态时再次降低。

事出反常必有妖!研究人员猜想,这或许和毛囊干细胞的激活有关。加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校广泛再生医学和干细胞研究中心的Christofk博士表示,“我们对毛囊干细胞代谢的观察,促使我们检查利用减少丙酮酸进入线粒体的方法会迫使毛囊干细胞产生更多的乳酸,这样是否会激活毛囊干细胞并更快地长出头发。”

为了确定乳酸脱氢酶活性是否与毛囊干细胞在毛发生长周期开始时的活化有关,研究人员在小鼠模型中敲除毛囊干细胞的LDHA基因,结果发现这些基因缺陷小鼠未能进入正常的毛发生长周期,大多数毛囊都停止在了休止期,也就出现了大面积的“脱发”。通过代谢组学进一步分析确认,LDHA缺失的毛囊干细胞中,乳酸水平以及其它糖酵解代谢物的水平显著降低。


LDHA基因敲除的小鼠(右)与对照组相比(左),无法开启正常的毛发生长周期(每种基因型有超过33只小鼠,并确保毛囊周期一致)

那么,增加毛囊干细胞中乳酸的产生,是否能够激活毛囊干细胞活化,开启新一轮毛发生长周期呢?

研究人员通过敲除Mpc1基因(Mpc1是丙酮酸进入线粒体所需的转运蛋白,其功能丧失会增加丙酮酸转化成乳酸)创建Mpc1功能缺失的小鼠模型,来增加毛囊干细胞的乳酸产生。结果显示,与同窝同期对照小鼠相比,Mpc1功能缺失的小鼠腹侧和背部毛发在脱落之后(毛囊休止期),强烈加速开启新一轮毛发生长。


Mpc1基因敲除小鼠(右)与对照组相比(左),显示更迅速的毛发生长

也就是说,细胞代谢过程中乳酸产生的多少对调控毛囊干细胞增殖分化十分重要。如果人为增加毛囊干细胞代谢过程中乳酸的产生,则能够使处于休止期的毛囊干细胞活化,促进毛囊进入新生,弥补之前脱落的毛发。另外,研究人员也发现,乳酸增加不会对于毛囊中的其它细胞产生影响。

这一发现是突破性的。文章通讯作者,分子细胞和发育生物学教授Lowry表示,“在此之前,没有人知道增加或减少乳酸会对毛囊干细胞产生什么影响。我们看到改变细胞中乳酸的生产影响了小鼠毛发的生长,这就促使我们去寻找具有相同的效果,并且可以作用于皮肤的潜在药物。”

研究人员首先选中了UK-5099,这是一种成熟的线粒体丙酮酸载体药理学抑制剂,其原理类似于Mpc1基因敲除,可以阻断丙酮酸进入线粒体,从而促进乳酸的产生[4]。在6对小鼠毛囊休止期进行UK-5099药物局部治疗,结果显示小鼠毛发生长周期强烈加速!代谢组学分析表明,UK-5099的局部治疗,显著增加了细胞代谢过程中乳酸的总水平。


使用药物UK-5099局部治疗的小鼠皮肤显示出毛发生长(右),未处理的小鼠皮肤没有毛发生长(左)。图片来源于加州大学洛杉矶分校官网

除了UK-5099,研究人员还找到了另一种可以增加细胞内乳酸代谢水平的药物RCGD423。RCGD423通过激活JAK-STAT细胞信号通路,促进Myc基因表达,Myc则可以调控乳酸脱氢酶基因LDHA的转录,增加乳酸脱氢酶的表达,进而增加细胞代谢过程中乳酸的水平[5]。

利用RCGD423进行局部治疗的结果正如预期的那样,在进入休止期毛发脱落的区域局部用药后,迅速长出了新的毛发,另外研究人员观察到毛囊间表皮的轻微增生。

研究论文的第一作者,Lowry实验室的Aimee Flores说,“这项研究,让我们对激活干细胞的新方法有了更多有趣的见解。通过对毛囊干细胞局部用药来刺激毛发生长的想法,是非常有希望的,而且这牵扯到数以百万计被脱发困扰的人。我们目前只是初步了解到新陈代谢在毛发生长和干细胞中的关键作用,我们也期待着这些新发现在脱发治疗以及更多领域的潜在应用。”

最后,再给大家补充一个重磅消息,上述实验药物虽然仅在临床前试验中使用,但是加州大学洛杉矶分校技术开发组已经提交了使用药物RCGD423和UK5099促进生发的临时专利申请。

被脱发所困扰的男同胞们,再坚持一下,这回真的有希望了!

原始出处:

[1]Flores A, Schell J, Krall A S, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase activity drives hair follicle stem cell activation[J]. Nature cell biology, 2017.

[2] Hsu Y C, Pasolli H A, Fuchs E. Dynamics between stem cells, niche, and progeny in the hair follicle[J]. Cell, 2011, 144(1): 92-105.

[3] Fromm H J. The nature of pyruvate involved in the enzymic formation of L-lactate in the rabbit-muscle lactate dehydrogenase reaction[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Enzymology and Biological Oxidation, 1965, 99(3): 540-542.

[4] Patterson J N, Cousteils K, Lou J W, et al. Mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate is essential for regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2014, 289(19): 13335-13346.

[5] Wang N, Yang T, Li J, et al. The expression and role of c-Myc in mouse hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling[J]. Acta histochemica, 2012, 114(3): 199-206.

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    2018-02-23 liye789132251
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    2018-03-27 维他命
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    2017-12-06 爆笑小医
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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882401, encodeId=5c401882401b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Feb 23 01:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1767204, encodeId=1eb31e67204a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f5343e2f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3437, encryptionId=64f5343e2f, topicName=Biol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=446937890434, createdName=12498ebem31暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 11 11:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960401, encodeId=6f34196040146, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Mar 27 05:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1917622, encodeId=951a191e622b6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Wed Dec 06 07:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1870141, encodeId=e45018e0141db, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Tue Feb 20 14:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1389117, encodeId=abcc138911e2e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c130636834c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#毛囊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63683, encryptionId=c130636834c, topicName=毛囊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca282500032, createdName=1249857fm32暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Aug 25 23:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1441134, encodeId=93de14411345f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d9963686b4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#毛囊干细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63686, encryptionId=5d9963686b4, topicName=毛囊干细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bcbd4793927, createdName=ms7474195563676018, createdTime=Fri Aug 25 23:07:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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