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Nat Genet:无义介导的mRNA降解在遗传病、基因编辑以及肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究

2019-11-03 雪月 BioArt

精准有序的调控基因表达水平是维持机体正常功能的关键。基因表达调控参与细胞应激反应,细胞周期、细胞分化以及细胞稳态维持等过程。编码蛋白的基因在信使RNA这一阶段受到合成、加工、转录和降解的调控。经过这些过程后,成熟的mRNA必须具备编码出有功能蛋白的能力。真核细胞中存在mRNA质控系统。其中一种是翻译依赖的,叫做无义介导的mRNA降解(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NM

精准有序的调控基因表达水平是维持机体正常功能的关键。基因表达调控参与细胞应激反应,细胞周期、细胞分化以及细胞稳态维持等过程。编码蛋白的基因在信使RNA这一阶段受到合成、加工、转录和降解的调控。经过这些过程后,成熟的mRNA必须具备编码出有功能蛋白的能力。真核细胞中存在mRNA质控系统。其中一种是翻译依赖的,叫做无义介导的mRNA降解(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD)的系统。NMD识别处于较差翻译环境下的mRNA,通过翻译终止密码清除mRNA。经典的翻译终止密码位于最后一个外显子连接处上游50-55 nt以上的位置或具有较长的3'非编码区(UTR)。由于最初NMD识别的翻译终止密码是在截短的开放阅读框的转录本中发现的,所以NMD识别的翻译终止密码又叫premature termination codons (PTCs)。mRNA中含有的PTC是由无意义突变或者移码突变造成的。PTC被识别后需要多种蛋白参与mRNA的降解清除,其中UPF1-3构成NMD的核心成分。NMD系统的正常运作与否能够改变突变引起的效应。

西班牙巴塞罗那加泰罗尼亚研究与研究学院的Ben Lehner课题组和巴塞罗那科学技术学院的Fran Supek课题组联合在Nature Genetics 杂志发表题为 “The impact of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay on genetic disease, gene editing and cancer immunotherapy”的文章。该文章指出,NMD通常会加剧人类遗传病。并且发现在利用CRISPR-Cas9进行基因编辑时,NMD往往是被忽略的一个因素,这也是导致基因编辑效果不好的一个原因。最后作者研究了在肿瘤治疗中NMD的影响发现移码突变是否启动NMD可以预测肿瘤免疫治疗的效果。

首先作者进行了移码突变位点或者单核苷酸突变即PTC处NMD效率的计算,公式是-log2(含有PTC转录本/不含有PTC转录本表达中位数)。如果有50%的减少量视为有效;如果无明显变化,上述公式得数为0,则视为NMD完全无效。作者先应用此方法对肿瘤中超过10000对匹配的肿瘤外显子和转录本进行分析。最终在3151个含有PTC突变的位点的NMD效率进行评估,最后成功得到了2840处的NMD效率,并以此确定了此方法的有效性。之后作者将此方法应用于人全基因组后发现,在人基因组中101781编码蛋白的转录本中51%PTC能够有效启动NMD,22%不能启动NMD,27%的NMD启动能力处于中等状态。

接下来作者将NMD效率应用于人类遗传病的研究,以此分析PTC诱发的NMD在遗传病中的作用。作者发现PTC诱发的NMD能够调节遗传疾病程度。作者总共分析了包含在引起疾病的752个基因中的7514个无意义突变和12756个插入突变。最终表明NMD趋于加剧而不是改善遗传疾病(155种疾病:49种疾病)。

为了探索NMD在基因编辑CRISPR-Cas9中的影响,作者对8种编码人和小鼠细胞表面标志蛋白的基因进行研究。他们发现如果sgRNA位于在编码序列3'末端的区域中时,NMD的效率较差,基因编辑效果不好。而且当sgRNA的位置到下游外显子连接处或编码区末端的距离较长时,或者靶向的mRNA半衰期较短时,NMD的效率也会较差。

因为肿瘤中的突变负荷是影响肿瘤免疫治疗效率的一个重要因素,因此作者接下来就分析了NMD效率与肿瘤免疫治疗效果的关系。他们在一个pan-cancer cohort研究发现不诱发NMD的移码突变负荷与肿瘤免疫治疗效率呈正相关。作者收集了五种肿瘤的外显子组和治疗效果数据:黑色素瘤(PD-1、CTLA-4抑制剂治疗)、肾癌(PD-1抑制剂治疗)、肺癌(PD-1抑制剂治疗)、和另一组包含多种肿瘤和多种免疫治疗方法。根据治疗效果分为反应组和无反应组;根据移码突变负荷分为诱发NMD和躲避NMD组。除了最后一组数据,针对前面四组的分析都发现在反应组中的躲避NMD组明显多于在无反应组中的数量。这些分析表明NMD会阻止潜在的肿瘤抗原的表达而降低肿瘤免疫治疗的效果。

本文重点阐明了NMD系统在遗传病、基因编辑以及肿瘤免疫治疗中的广泛而重要的作用,并且预测了PTC的位置与诱发NMD的关系。NMD抑制剂的研究已经取得了很不错的进展,然而在应用于患者时,了解每位患者的基因突变情况及其是否诱发NMD对于最终的靶向治疗效果至关重要。

原始出处:
Lindeboom RGH1, Vermeulen M1, Lehner B2,3,4, et al.The impact of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay on genetic disease, gene editing and cancer immunotherapy.Nat Genet. 2019 Oct 28. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0517-5. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2020-07-29 canlab
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    2019-11-12 cy0324
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