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Nat Genet:肺结核基因组映射人类历史

2015-01-28 赵熙熙 中国科学报

北京系结核分枝杆菌的流行随着大的经济与社会事件而起起落落。 图片来源:《自然—遗传学》 从农业开端到苏联解体,人类历史上的重大事件都在能够导致肺结核(TB)的细菌的脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)中留下了印记。对全世界近5000个结核分枝杆菌样本进行的一项新研究,揭示了数千年前在亚洲出现的一种细菌最终如何成为了一个全球杀手,乃至对抗菌药物产生了广泛的耐药性。 这项新研究的第

北京系结核分枝杆菌的流行随着大的经济与社会事件而起起落落。

图片来源:《自然—遗传学》

从农业开端到苏联解体,人类历史上的重大事件都在能够导致肺结核TB)的细菌的脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)中留下了印记。对全世界近5000个结核分枝杆菌样本进行的一项新研究,揭示了数千年前在亚洲出现的一种细菌最终如何成为了一个全球杀手,乃至对抗菌药物产生了广泛的耐药性。

这项新研究的第一作者、法国巴黎国家自然历史博物馆进化遗传学家Thierry Wirth指出,尽管结核分枝杆菌的第一次出现可能是在4万年前的非洲,但这种传染病并没有在人群中“生根发芽”,直到人类走向农业社会,并随之定居下来。

Wirth说,人们一起生活在定居地使得这种呼吸道病原体更容易在人与人之间传播。他的研究团队之前的一项分析表明,所有今天流行的结核分枝杆菌的共同祖先大约于1万年前在古代肥沃月湾地区开始传播。该地区从美索不达米亚平原一直延伸到尼罗河三角洲,曾经是人类农业的发源地,这也让很多人能够近距离地生活在一起。Wirth指出:“这对于像结核分枝杆菌这样的细菌而言简直就是天堂。”

然而在当前流行的所有结核分枝杆菌中,没有一个比北京系(Beijing lineage)结核分枝杆菌更让公共卫生官员感到头疼了。

北京系结核分枝杆菌最早于20世纪90年代中期在大北京地区鉴定,这种细菌不仅已经扩散到了全世界,而且对能够治疗其他类型肺结核的多种抗生素产生了耐药性。

Wirth研究团队从99个国家采集并分析了4987个北京系结核分枝杆菌样本,对其中的110个样本进行了全基因组测序。研究人员随后利用这些信息回溯了北京系结核分枝杆菌的演化历史及相关情况。

Wirth的研究团队在最新出版的《自然—遗传学》杂志上报告了这项研究成果。研究显示,北京系结核分枝杆菌最早出现于中国东北地区,时间大约在距今6600年前,研究人员发现,这一数据与水稻耕作在中国长江流域上游开始的考古学证据相吻合。

研究人员指出,将中国与中东地区联系起来的丝绸之路可能有助于这种结核分枝杆菌走出东亚地区向外传播。同时人口的迁徙也使这种细菌散播到太平洋岛屿和中亚地区。

与此同时,全球巨变也为北京系结核分枝杆菌的兴起推波助澜。

研究人员使用全基因组测序模拟了这种病菌是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的。结果显示,细菌数量(也就是说感染人数)在19世纪早期出现了激增,这可能缘于工业革命时期的城市人口飙升。北京系结核分枝杆菌在20世纪早期再度增加,Wirth认为这可能与第一次世界大战后的进一步城市化有关。与此同时,这段时期的流感大流行也使情况更加恶化——这会让人更容易患上肺结核。

研究人员发现,随着20世纪60年代抗生素的大量使用,导致了这种结核分枝杆菌数量的下降。然而这种情况在80年代晚期和90年代早期出现了反弹,Wirth强调,这些时间段恰好与艾滋病病毒/艾滋病的兴起以及苏联解体相吻合。苏联卫生系统的崩溃被广泛认为是导致肺结核激增及其多重耐药性形成的一大因素。

Wirth指出,自从北京系结核分枝杆菌出现以来,这种细菌的传染性变得越来越强,并超越了其他所有的肺结核致病菌。他的研究团队已经鉴定了使得北京系结核分枝杆菌变得如此“成功”的与抗生素耐药性、新陈代谢和逃避免疫应答有关的突变。

美国图森市亚利桑那州立大学进化遗传学家Anne Stone对Wirth研究团队的采样数印象颇深。而该菌株在6600年前出现也与她和同事于2014年发表的研究结果相矛盾,后者认为该病菌大约在距今2400年前到1200年前出现。Stone的研究基于采集自具有1000年历史的秘鲁木乃伊中的肺结核基因组并采用了不同的定年方法。

原始出处:

Merker M1, Blin C2, Mona S2, Duforet-Frebourg N3, Lecher S4, Willery E4, Blum M3, Rüsch-Gerdes S5, Mokrousov I6, Aleksic E7, Allix-Béguec C8, Antierens A9, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E10, Ballif M11, Barletta F12, Beck HP13, Barry CE 3rd14, Bonnet M15, Borroni E16, Campos-Herrero I17, Cirillo D16, Cox H18, Crowe S19, Crudu V20, Diel R21, Drobniewski F22, Fauville-Dufaux M23, Gagneux S13, Ghebremichael S24, Hanekom M25, Hoffner S26, Jiao WW27, Kalon S28, Kohl TA1, Kontsevaya I29, Lillebæk T30, Maeda S31, Nikolayevskyy V22, Rasmussen M30, Rastogi N32, Samper S33, Sanchez-Padilla E15, Savic B34, Shamputa IC14, Shen A27, Sng LH35, Stakenas P36, Toit K37, Varaine F38, Vukovic D34, Wahl C8, Warren R25, Supply P39, Niemann S40, Wirth T2.Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage.Nat Genet. 2015 Jan 19. doi: 10.1038/ng.3195. [Epub ahead of print]


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    2015-10-26 liye789132251
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    2015-05-07 canlab
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    2015-07-10 cy0324
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880472, encodeId=c67918804e2d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Oct 26 15:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1733730, encodeId=9af91e3373050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Thu May 07 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048639, encodeId=d7aa20486393f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685981, encodeId=e93c16859818f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15283, encodeId=118f1528359, content=学习!不错!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3de41612568, createdName=xjtumed09, createdTime=Sun Feb 08 11:35:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253944, encodeId=f3de125394452, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Fri Jan 30 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526173, encodeId=361b15261e367, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d03692056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#历史#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36920, encryptionId=84d03692056, topicName=历史)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=131011702315, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Fri Jan 30 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880472, encodeId=c67918804e2d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Oct 26 15:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1733730, encodeId=9af91e3373050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Thu May 07 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048639, encodeId=d7aa20486393f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685981, encodeId=e93c16859818f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15283, encodeId=118f1528359, content=学习!不错!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3de41612568, createdName=xjtumed09, createdTime=Sun Feb 08 11:35:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253944, encodeId=f3de125394452, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Fri Jan 30 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526173, encodeId=361b15261e367, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d03692056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#历史#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36920, encryptionId=84d03692056, topicName=历史)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=131011702315, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Fri Jan 30 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-08 xjtumed09

    学习!不错!

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880472, encodeId=c67918804e2d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Oct 26 15:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1733730, encodeId=9af91e3373050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Thu May 07 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2048639, encodeId=d7aa20486393f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685981, encodeId=e93c16859818f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Thu Apr 30 13:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15283, encodeId=118f1528359, content=学习!不错!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3de41612568, createdName=xjtumed09, createdTime=Sun Feb 08 11:35:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253944, encodeId=f3de125394452, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f30ae86297d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结核#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78629, encryptionId=f30ae86297d, topicName=结核)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=huhuaidong387, createdTime=Fri Jan 30 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526173, encodeId=361b15261e367, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d03692056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#历史#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36920, encryptionId=84d03692056, topicName=历史)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=131011702315, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Fri Jan 30 00:14:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-01-30 cathymary

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