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Cell:人类皮肤色素沉着的遗传学特征远比想象中的更加复杂

2018-01-06 佚名 “细胞”微信号

许多研究已表明皮肤色素沉着(skin pigmentation)的遗传学特征是较为简单的。据认为,少数已知的基因导致将近50%的皮肤色素变异。然而,这些研究都依赖于由几乎完全来自欧亚北部人群---这些人大多居住在高纬度地区---的信息组成的数据集。

许多研究已表明皮肤色素沉着(skin pigmentation)的遗传学特征是较为简单的。据认为,少数已知的基因导致将近50%的皮肤色素变异。然而,这些研究都依赖于由几乎完全来自欧亚北部人群---这些人大多居住在高纬度地区---的信息组成的数据集。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国布罗德研究所、斯坦福大学和石溪大学的研究人员报道尽管皮肤色素沉着几乎是100%可遗传的,但是它并不是一种简单的的孟德尔遗传特征。通过密切地研究非洲南部的土着人群克瓦桑族(KhoeSan),他们发现随着人们居住的地方更加靠近赤道,皮肤色素沉着的遗传学变得越来越复杂:越来越多的已知的和未知的基因参与其中,每个基因仅产生较少的贡献。相关研究结果发表在2017年11月30日的Cell期刊上,论文标题为“An Unexpectedly Complex Architecture for Skin Pigmentation in Africans”。论文通信作者为石溪大学的Brenna Henn博士。布罗德研究所的Mark Daly博士也是这篇论文的共同作者。

Daly实验室博士后研究员Alicia Martin说:“非洲在皮肤颜色方面有着最大的表型变异,但迄今为止,在大规模的研究中,这一点却没有得到充分的体现。 已知有一些基因会导致皮肤色素沉着,但总的来说还有更多的新基因尚未被发现。”

Henn说,“我们需要花更多的时间把注意力放在这些被忽略的人群上以便获得更加深刻的遗传上的见解。”

在这项新的研究中,这些研究人员进行人体测量(身高,年龄和性别),并且使用反射计来定量地测定皮肤颜色。他们总共获得了大约400人的数据。

这些研究人员还确定了每个受试者皮肤样品的基因型---研究了基因组中的几十万个位点,以便鉴定出与色素沉着相关的遗传标记,并且对感兴趣的基因组区域进行测序。他们将这些信息与一个数据集进行比较,这个数据集包括来自非洲、亚洲和欧洲的代表全球不同人群的将近5000人的相关数据。

一种流行的理论是“定向选择(directional selection)”单方向地促进色素沉着,即高纬度地区的由黑色到浅色,低纬度地区的由浅色到黑色。但是这些研究人员的新发现表明实际的情形更加复杂。作为一种指导原则,定向选择似乎在北半球高纬度地区是适用的。但是随着人群居住的地方越来越靠近赤道,一种被称作稳定性选择(stabilizing selection)的动态过程发挥作用。在这项新的研究中,越来越多的基因开始影响变异。仅大约10%的变异能够归因于已知影响色素沉着的基因。

此外,这些研究人员针对与色素沉着有关的特定基因意料之外地获得了一些新的见解。在欧洲,基因SLC24A5上发生的一种突变被认为是在大约一万年到两万年前出现的。然而,在克瓦桑族人群中,这种突变发生的比例似乎远高于近期的欧洲混血人群,这提示着这种突变在克瓦桑族人群中是正向选择的,或者是通过数千年前的基因流动进入这个人群中的。

他们还发现之前并未发现与人体色素沉着相关的基因SMARCA2/VLDLR似乎在克瓦桑族人群中发挥着作用。这个基因附近的几种不同的变异都与色素沉着独特地相关联,而且这些基因中的变异已与动物中的色素沉着相关联。

Martin说,“南非的克瓦桑族人的肤色似乎并不会变浅,也不会变黑。然而,这会增加基因变异。事实上,克瓦桑族人的肤色要比赤道附近的非洲人浅大约50%。最终,在北纬度地区,色素沉着更加均匀,然而在低维度地区,它是更加多样化性的,不论是在遗传上,还是在表型上。”

Henn说,“除非我们能够代表全世界的不同人群,不然,皮肤色素沉着的遗传全貌将是不完整的。”

原始出处:

Alicia R. Martin, et al. An Unexpectedly Complex Architecture for Skin Pigmentation in Africans. Cell, 30 November 2017, 171(6), 1340–1353.

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    2018-05-02 sunylz
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    2018-05-13 维他命
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    2018-01-21 虈亣靌

    是很好的学习材料.不错.以后会多学习.

    0

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    2018-01-06 doctorJiangchao

    谢谢分享.

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1680489, encodeId=dde716804891c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e5c86e0712' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#色素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86707, encryptionId=9e5c86e0712, topicName=色素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=343027846633, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Wed May 02 14:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960638, encodeId=15fb19606383c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sun May 13 01:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843944, encodeId=ee0d18439447b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 07:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1870372, encodeId=895718e0372e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Wed Jul 04 01:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=280690, encodeId=b5652806908a, content=是很好的学习材料.不错.以后会多学习., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sun Jan 21 13:48:46 CST 2018, time=2018-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276025, encodeId=45c72e6025a9, content=谢谢分享. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Jan 06 14:37:18 CST 2018, time=2018-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276024, encodeId=56cc2e6024d0, content=继续关注. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Jan 06 14:37:12 CST 2018, time=2018-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276023, encodeId=266c2e6023b7, content=继续学习. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Jan 06 14:37:08 CST 2018, time=2018-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-06 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注.

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1680489, encodeId=dde716804891c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e5c86e0712' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#色素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86707, encryptionId=9e5c86e0712, topicName=色素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=343027846633, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Wed May 02 14:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960638, encodeId=15fb19606383c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sun May 13 01:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843944, encodeId=ee0d18439447b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 07:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1870372, encodeId=895718e0372e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Wed Jul 04 01:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=280690, encodeId=b5652806908a, content=是很好的学习材料.不错.以后会多学习., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sun Jan 21 13:48:46 CST 2018, time=2018-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276025, encodeId=45c72e6025a9, content=谢谢分享. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Jan 06 14:37:18 CST 2018, time=2018-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276024, encodeId=56cc2e6024d0, content=继续关注. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Jan 06 14:37:12 CST 2018, time=2018-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276023, encodeId=266c2e6023b7, content=继续学习. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Jan 06 14:37:08 CST 2018, time=2018-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-06 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习.

    0

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