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Nature:“瘦素”为何有助减肥?魔剪CRISPR破解20年谜题

2018-04-20 佚名 生物探索

Leptin是一种由脂肪细胞分泌的激素,被称为“瘦素”,是机体抵抗肥胖的重要物质,可抑制食欲、维持体重和血糖平衡。虽然发现至今已经过去了20多年,但是围绕它的作用机制却一直是个谜。现在,科学家们重要找到了答案,解析了leptin背后的分子机制。

这一重磅成果于4月18日在线发表在《Nature》期刊。来自于塔夫茨大学医学院的神经科学家利用“魔剪”技术CRISPR,在小鼠下丘脑区域找到一个神经回路,证实其正是leptin控制肥胖、糖尿病的直接靶标。与此同时,他们还揭示了leptin抑制食欲的两种不同机制。


围绕leptin的谜题

虽然围绕leptin的研究已经为肥胖、糖尿病问题带来了改变,但是该分子的临床应用仍然有限。

一直以来,科学家们都希望可以挖掘leptin在肥胖、糖尿病中的潜力。当leptin或者受体失调,容易引发暴饮暴食,从而增加肥胖、2型糖尿病的风险。然而,额外补充leptin却不能治疗这类疾病,因为大多数肥胖者都属于leptin抵抗体质(原因未知),所以限制了leptin的临床前景。

虽然leptin受体在多种神经细胞中表达,但是多年的研究几乎未曾找到响应leptin分子机制的特定神经元。是否存在这一类特殊神经元?科学界对此一直存在争议。

“如果找不到leptin作用的真正靶点,研究将很难开展。” 塔夫茨医学院神经科学助理教授Dong Kong表示道,“现在,我们的研究回答了最大的疑点——leptin如何工作?leptin抵抗如何形成?这些解答有助于leptin成为一种更有临床意义的分子,用于抵抗肥胖、糖尿病。”

颠覆主流观点

在寻找leptin作用目标的过程中,Dong Kong团队抓住了一个被忽视的发现——leptin以独立于胰岛素的方式纠正1型糖尿病,从而成功绕过了leptin敏感性的问题。他们以成年小鼠(不肥胖)为模型,利用链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,破坏胰腺细胞、阻止胰岛素、leptin表达)诱导糖尿病,并记录患病小鼠的大脑活动。

结果显示,小鼠下丘脑中的AgRP神经元(一类饥饿敏感细胞)非常活跃。研究人员推测,由链脲佐菌素诱导的leptin缺乏会激活AgRP神经元。随后的研究也证实了这一假设——瘦素可以抑制AgRP神经元,并迅速扭转糖尿病!

事实上,AgRP神经元被认为是leptin的直接靶点并不是“新鲜事”。很早之前就已有这一假说,但是因为科学家们利用当时流行的Cre-LoxP基因编辑技术敲除AgRP神经元中的leptin受体,并没有出现类似于leptin缺失引发的肥胖或者糖尿病问题。所以,多数科学家放弃了这一观点。

现在,Dong Kong团队重燃信心,他们利用CRISPR基因编辑技术特异性敲除年轻成年小鼠的AgRP神经元leptin受体,出现了不一样的结果:AgRP神经元缺失leptin受体后,小鼠容易发生肥胖和糖尿病问题,同时很大程度上削弱了leptin抵抗肥胖、糖尿病的积极作用。

这意味着,AgRP神经元确实是调控leptin作用的主要细胞。


Leptin抑制AgRP 神经元的机制

除了揭示leptin作用的主要目标,Dong Kong团队还回答了一个关键问题,即leptin抑制AgRP 神经元的机制。他们共发现了两种不同的通路:

1)pre-synaptic机制,大脑中重要的抑制性神经递质GABA负责调控AgRP神经元,从而影响leptin对于摄取食物的紧急响应。

2)post-synaptic机制,对ATP敏感的钾离子通道是leptin作用于AgRP神经元(旨在调控血糖、能量平衡)的关键元素。

这一系列结果有助于找到引发肥胖、leptin抵抗等问题的分子机制,从而为治疗提供新的发现和思路。

原始出处:

Jie Xu et al, Genetic identification of leptin neural circuits in energy and glucose homeostases, Nature (2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0049-7.

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    2018-07-26 liye789132251
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    2018-04-22 yuandd
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    2018-04-22 sodoo
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882973, encodeId=cd8c18829e354, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 23:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683444, encodeId=4c901683444be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a576102854fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#魔剪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102854, encryptionId=a576102854fe, topicName=魔剪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c09b27973273, createdName=neurosurgeon, createdTime=Tue Apr 24 13:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1276072, encodeId=d3d112e6072d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 05:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1366636, encodeId=c08b13666360e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5065e125368' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#瘦素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71253, encryptionId=5065e125368, topicName=瘦素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6cc1239, createdName=sodoo, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 05:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307853, encodeId=a14030e85306, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 08:40:38 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307823, encodeId=344330e82393, content=了解一下谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 07:40:53 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-21 sunfeifeiyang

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1882973, encodeId=cd8c18829e354, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 23:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683444, encodeId=4c901683444be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a576102854fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#魔剪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102854, encryptionId=a576102854fe, topicName=魔剪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c09b27973273, createdName=neurosurgeon, createdTime=Tue Apr 24 13:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1276072, encodeId=d3d112e6072d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 05:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1366636, encodeId=c08b13666360e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5065e125368' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#瘦素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71253, encryptionId=5065e125368, topicName=瘦素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6cc1239, createdName=sodoo, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 05:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307853, encodeId=a14030e85306, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 08:40:38 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=307823, encodeId=344330e82393, content=了解一下谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sat Apr 21 07:40:53 CST 2018, time=2018-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-21 kafei

    了解一下谢谢

    0

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