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PLOS Medicine:当糖成为全球健康新公敌,含糖饮料税能为“甜蜜”减负吗?

2021-03-07 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

到目前为止,含糖饮料税税率仍太低,对公众健康影响仍有待进一步提高。

大量研究已经证实,过量的添加糖,特别是含糖饮料的添加糖,是血管疾病和2型糖尿病等心血管代谢疾病的主要危险因素。

JAMA子刊曾报道,那些饮用含糖量最高的饮料(包括100%纯果汁)的人在研究期间死亡率要高于那些饮用含糖量最低的人。此外,每多摄入12盎司/日的含糖饮料,全因死亡风险会增加11%;而每多摄入12盎司/日的果汁,全因死亡风险就会增加24%。

2016年,世界卫生组织(WHO)就曾呼吁各界重视税收等政策运用,以提高含糖饮料售卖,从而帮助消费者改变饮食选择。虽然含糖税的本质立意很好,但是反对的声音一直不绝于耳。例如,自英国开始收含糖税后,Nielsen公司民调显示,63%的民众表示糖税并没有影响他们的消费行为。甚至原本11%的民众曾表示在实施税法后会停止购买含糖饮料,而实际则将至1%。

据《卫报》12月28日报道,从2022年4月起,英国政府将禁止超市针对含糖饮料推出“买一送一”活动,并限制针对此类商品的促销活动。2016年,美国食品和药物管理局要求在所有包装食品和饮料上标明添加糖的含量。这项政策对健康和成本效益的潜在影响仍不清楚。

近日,发表在美国科学公共图书馆杂志PLOS Medicine杂志上的最新专家述评“Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: Lessons to date and the future of taxation”就总结了迄今为止的含糖饮料税经验并对未来的税收政策进行了指导。

最近该杂志上的三篇论文强调了在公众中减少含糖饮料消费和鼓励饮料行业重新进行不同配方的潜力。Taillie及其同事的新研究发现,含糖饮料购买量总体上减少了23.7%,人均每天消耗的卡路里减少了27.5%。虽然上述结果目前达到了实施这些政策的最初目标,但重新配方的影响还不清楚,需要进一步监测。

总的来说,消费的变化也是异质的,特别是在不同收入水平、年龄组和基线饮料水平之间。尽管如此,一项荟萃分析显示,如果糖饮料价格上涨10%,将减少10%的购买量。对健康的影响(例如,体重变化、糖尿病发病率持平或肥胖症发病率降低)需要多年才能在人口水平上显现,因此研究人员利用现有的结果来估计长期的健康和经济影响。

从健康角度来看,关键问题是通过减少含糖饮料消费而减少糖和热量摄入。虽然这些税收特别影响到高消费人群,但迄今为止的评估表明,受含糖饮料税影响的减少量相当于人均每天减少5至22千卡的热量。这些水平的减少,即使是持续的,也不足以及时地对广泛的健康结果产生有意义的影响。

解决这个问题的方法之一是提高目前5%到20%的税率。一些中东国家(如沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔和阿拉伯联合酋长国)已经对含糖饮料征收50%至100%的消费税,百慕大对糖、含糖饮料和糖果征收75%的进口税。研究人员指出,我们可以从烟草(另一种对健康无益且成本较高的产品)的税收水平中学习——其税率从100%到1000%不等。

最后,专家指出,到目前为止,含糖饮料税税率仍太低,对公众健康影响仍有待进一步提高。

 

参考文献:

Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: Lessons to date and the future of taxation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003412

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    2021-03-21 jeanqiuqiu
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    2021-10-31 kalseyzl
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    2021-09-13 cnxcy
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1859123, encodeId=74941859123aa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sun Mar 21 05:42:16 CST 2021, time=2021-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1773927, encodeId=d9861e7392700, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f014e1852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CIN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4718, encryptionId=5f014e1852, topicName=CIN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a9a038523631, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Sun Oct 31 18:42:16 CST 2021, time=2021-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1649008, encodeId=d6681649008a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f36312836f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#减负#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31283, encryptionId=5f36312836f, topicName=减负)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7d6323702474, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Mon Sep 13 04:42:16 CST 2021, time=2021-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1577782, encodeId=5d8b15e778215, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cda91148004' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medicine#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11480, encryptionId=cda91148004, topicName=Medicine)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=54cd16396700, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Tue Mar 09 13:42:16 CST 2021, time=2021-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1610948, encodeId=eab11610948c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Mar 09 13:42:16 CST 2021, time=2021-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=946375, encodeId=db779463e51b, content=当糖成为公敌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210110/e6124a4b19bc40ce8afaae096d21126b/dd778ac260c9416eb87e7d08139507f5.jpg, createdBy=4d2f5079605, createdName=科研科研科研, createdTime=Mon Mar 08 12:53:51 CST 2021, time=2021-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=946297, encodeId=c4b794629e24, content=和提高烟草税有异曲同工之妙?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Mon Mar 08 07:25:00 CST 2021, time=2021-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2021-03-08 科研科研科研

    当糖成为公敌

    0

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    2021-03-08 学医无涯

    和提高烟草税有异曲同工之妙?

    0

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