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BMJ:饱和脂肪酸不是心脏疾病的主要问题

2014-02-26 佚名 不详

科学家普遍认为,许多方便食物、烘焙食品和人造黄油中的反式脂肪酸通过炎症过程增加心血管疾病风险。但是,“饱和脂肪酸”则完全不一样。去除饱和脂肪酸以降低心血管疾病风险已经主导饮食建议和指南近40年。 然而,科学证据却表明这个建议增加了心血管风险。此外,政府对总胆固醇水平的痴迷导致上百万人过度服用他汀类药物,这使我们的注意力从致动脉粥样硬化血脂异常这个更惊人的危险因素中分散

科学家普遍认为,许多方便食物、烘焙食品和人造黄油中的反式脂肪酸通过炎症过程增加心血管疾病风险。但是,“饱和脂肪酸”则完全不一样。去除饱和脂肪酸以降低心血管疾病风险已经主导饮食建议和指南近40年。

然而,科学证据却表明这个建议增加了心血管风险。此外,政府对总胆固醇水平的痴迷导致上百万人过度服用他汀类药物,这使我们的注意力从致动脉粥样硬化血脂异常这个更惊人的危险因素中分散出来。自从Ancel Keys 1970年发表了里程碑式的“七国”研究之后,饱和脂肪酸已经被妖魔化。该研究表明,冠心病与总胆固醇浓度之间有关联,而后者与饱和脂肪酸提供的能量有关。但是此相关性并非因果关系。饮食中饱和脂肪酸对心血管风险影响最大的是浓度升高的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。但是,通过减少饱和脂肪酸使LDL-C降低似乎只限于体积大且悬浮的LDL颗粒(A型),而事实上是体积小且稠密的颗粒(B型,摄入碳水化合物所致)与心血管疾病有关。

实际上,最近的前瞻性队列研究并不支持饱和脂肪酸摄入与心血管风险之间显著相关。相反,研究显示饱和脂肪酸有保护作用。饱和脂肪酸的来源可能很重要。乳制品是提供维生素A和D的典型食物。维生素D缺乏与心血管死亡率显著增加有关,乳制品中的钙和磷可能有抗高血压的作用。

美国在过去的30年中,消耗脂肪获得的能量比例已从40%降至30%(虽然脂肪的绝对消耗量保持不变),但是肥胖却在剧增。其中一个原因是去掉脂肪后,食物的口感变差。食品公司通过增加食糖来代替饱和脂肪酸,以改善口感。不断增加的科学证据表明,食糖可能是代谢综合征(指高血压、糖代谢障碍、甘油三酯增高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低和腰围增大的聚集)的独立危险因素。

在以前,心血管疾病多数单独存在。现在人院的急性心肌梗死患者中2/3有代谢综合征,但是75%的患者总胆固醇浓度完全正常。也许,这是因为总胆固醇不是真正的问题?

Framingham心脏研究认为,总胆固醇是冠状动脉疾病的危险因素,使他汀类药物成为了美国的第2大处方药,并推动了全球价值数十亿美元的产业。在英国,800万人规律服用他汀类药物,而10年前人数只有500万。尽管每年开出6000万张他汀类药物处方,但是很难证明他汀类药物优于减少吸烟和直接血管成形术,对减少心血管死亡有额外的作用。

尽管普遍认为高胆固醇是冠状动脉疾病的危险因素,但是数个独立的针对健康成人的研究表明,低总胆固醇与心血管和非心脏死亡有关,提示高总胆固醇在健康人群中不是危险因素。

一项荟萃分析对多数是企业赞助的数据进行了研究,结果显示在年龄60~70岁且服用他汀类药物的低危人群中,1年预防1件心血管事件的需要治疗人数(NNT)是345.他汀类药物最强的证据在二级预防中,即心肌梗死后的所有患者不管总胆固醇水平如何,都使用最大剂量的他汀类药物,因为其具有抗炎或多种作用(例如稳定冠状动脉斑块)。在这一人群中,5年以后死亡的NNT是83.这并不意味着每例患者都能获得一些收益,而是意味着82例患者将不会获得预后方面的益处。没有其他降脂药物显示出死亡率方面益处的事实支持这样一个假说,即他汀类药物的益处不依赖于其对胆固醇的作用。

心脏病发作后,在降低死亡率方面地中海式饮食的作用几乎相当于他汀类药物的3倍。最近公布的随机对照试验-PREDIMED研究被提前终止,因为结果显示在高危人群中,地中海式饮食在减少心血管事件方面比低脂饮食提高30%.

药物治疗可以减轻症状,但是不能改变病理生理。医生应该像关注治疗一样关注预防。发病率和死亡率方面最伟大的改进不是由于个人责任,而是由于公共健康。是时候该改变饱和脂肪酸在心脏疾病中作用的旧观点了,同时还要关注饮食建议导致肥胖的危害。

原始出处:

Aseem Malhotra. Saturated fat is not the major issue(Let's bust the myth of its role in heart disease). BMJ 2013:347:f6340.

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    2015-02-10 gaoxiaoe
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