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80个PM2.5微粒就可以堵住一个肺泡?

2017-01-10 李颖 中国科技网

“雾霾是一级致癌物。人一个肺有3亿个肺泡,80个PM2.5微粒可以堵死一个肺泡,当我们生活的环境中PM2.5达到1155微克/立方米,一年就可堵死3000万个肺泡,3年堵死三分之一个肺。”近日,这段短短150秒的雾霾侵入人体全过程视频,看得人们惊心动魄。然而,雾霾真的会堵死我们的肺吗?它又是怎么危害人体健康的呢?雾霾会“堵肺”? 会引发呼吸道阻塞或炎症虽然雾霾危害人体,呼吸系统“首当其冲”。

“雾霾是一级致癌物。人一个肺有3亿个肺泡,80个PM2.5微粒可以堵死一个肺泡,当我们生活的环境中PM2.5达到1155微克/立方米,一年就可堵死3000万个肺泡,3年堵死三分之一个肺。”近日,这段短短150秒的雾霾侵入人体全过程视频,看得人们惊心动魄。然而,雾霾真的会堵死我们的肺吗?它又是怎么危害人体健康的呢?


雾霾会“堵肺”? 会引发呼吸道阻塞或炎症

虽然雾霾危害人体,呼吸系统“首当其冲”。“但80个PM2.5微粒可以堵死一个肺泡的说法不科学。”在接受科技日报记者采访时,中日医院呼吸与危重症医学科二部副主任医师万钧表示,雾霾颗粒对于人体的伤害并不是机械性地“堵死”肺泡,而是粘附于肺泡及小气道表面,进而诱发炎症,最终影响气体交换或继发其他病变。

万钧解释说,雾霾里的PM2.5颗粒的确可以通过人体的鼻腔、咽喉下行到支气管、细支气管,再进入肺泡,但是这并不意味着这些颗粒就会“堵死”肺泡,因为人体本身有防止肺部感染的自我保护机制。首先气管和支气管上皮都具有粘液纤毛,纤毛向喉部方向快速摆动,慢速回摆,可将粘液向喉部运送。纤毛上面的粘液分两层,内层为溶胶,随纤毛摆动而运动,外层为不吸水的凝胶,具有防止内层液体蒸发的作用,因而形成了对吸入异物和颗粒的屏障作用,粘着在气道粘膜上的颗粒由粘液纤毛运送至咽部后被吞咽或咳出。另外,在肺部还广泛分布着巨噬细胞,它具有超强的防御功能,能够清除进入肺泡的颗粒——先将颗粒吞噬,再通过溶酶体酶将其分解清除。

“所以,在短期内,我们体内的保护机制可以帮助我们清除掉这些吸入的颗粒,但是长期反复大量地吸入,我们的纤毛系统就会遭到破坏,吞噬细胞的功能也会下降,从而导致对颗粒的清除能力下降,进而造成一些慢性损伤。”万钧也表示,这些损伤包括气道的上皮细胞形成慢性炎症、支气管腺体增生、杯状细胞在气道分泌过多粘液等,最终导致呼吸障碍。

万钧指出,PM2.5浓度增加可以导致呼吸系统疾病死亡率上升这是不争的事实,但是,“80个PM2.5微粒堵死一个肺泡”的“精确”计量,目前国内国外都没有明确的医学文献支持。国外开展PM2.5研究比我们早,但他们至今也没有拿出如此“具体”的PM2.5致病数量值。“现在已经肯定的是,浓度越高,对人体的危害越大,但由于这涉及长期的、大规模人群实验,具体的量值和对人体具体的伤害,还没有准确数据。”


雾霾易“伤心”? 细颗粒物可诱发心血管疾病

虽然说雾霾会“堵肺”有些言过其实,但雾霾却是真真容易“伤心”。著名心血管领域专家胡大一教授说:“当人们长期暴露在雾霾环境下,相当于新增了一个心血管疾病危险因素,如同给心脏‘埋下地雷’。同时,在短期暴露下,它又可以使尚不严重的心血管斑块突然破裂,产生血栓,诱发急性心肌梗死,成为一道‘导火线’。”

哈佛大学公共卫生学院的数据证明,阴霾天中的颗粒污染物不仅会引发心肌梗死,还会造成心肌缺血或损伤。美国调查了2.5万名有心脏病或心脏不太好的人,发现PM2.5增加10微克/立方米后,病人病死率会提高10%—27%。

此外,PM2.5还是引起高血压多发的一个独立的危险因素。北京大学医学部公共卫生学院教授潘小川发表论文称,“我们利用时间系统分析研究,对搜集的数据进行分析发现,PM2.5每立方米浓度增加10微克,医院高血压类的急诊病人就会增加8%,心血管疾病也会增多。”

胡大一指出,除了直接作用于心血管系统,由雾霾引发的焦虑抑郁情绪也值得关注,这些负面情绪也可导致一系列连锁性心血管疾病。


对雾霾“投降”? 专家教你七招降低伤害

那么要如何将其对我们的伤害降到最低呢?

北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系系主任、北京大学环境医学研究所所长郭新彪指出,严重雾霾天气情况下,降低伤害的首要原则就是要避免外出,不得不外出的情况下,必须要做好个人防护。在连续雾霾天时,也要选择适当时机开窗通风。长期不开窗室内没有新风,污染也会加重。为此,他教给公众防霾七招。

第一招:戴口罩可为阻挡有害颗粒物的吸入多设一道屏障,取下口罩后要等到里面干燥后再对折起来,以防呼吸的潮气使口罩滋生细菌。

第二招:戴帽子、穿长衣。头发吸附污染物的能力强,戴帽子可缓解危害,避免过多皮肤裸露在外,可减少和有害空气接触的面积。

第三招:外出短暂停留,平和呼吸,小步快走;不要骑自行车,避开交通拥挤的高峰期以及开车多的路段,避免吸入更多的化学成分;入室及时洗脸、漱口、清理鼻腔,去掉身上所附带的污染残留物。

第四招:饮食方面,多喝水,加快体内的水分更新;多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果,不仅可以补充各种维生素和无机盐,还能够润肺除燥、祛痰止咳、健脾补肾。均衡饮食,保证营养摄入充足。

第五招:雾霾天,老人、孩子、孕妇和患呼吸系统疾病的易感人群,应尽量减少外出;哮喘、冠心病患者若要外出需要随身携带药物。若雾霾刺激呼吸道产生咽喉不适、咳嗽、胸闷等症状持续不缓解,需到医院就诊。

第六招:雾霾天时应停止户外锻炼,雾霾天气晨练除了可导致呼吸系统疾病外,亦可导致心脑血管疾病。尤其冬季,天气寒冷可造成血管痉挛,出现血压升高、心绞痛。

第七招:雾霾天气应尽量不要开窗,确实需要开窗透气的话,应尽量避开早晚雾霾高峰时段,可以将窗户打开一条缝通风,时间每次以半小时至一小时为宜。从开窗时间上来说,中午比较合适,因为这个时间的PM2.5浓度是一天中相对最低的。

第七招:雾霾天气应尽量不要开窗,确实需要开窗透气的话,应尽量避开早晚雾霾高峰时段,可以将窗户打开一条缝通风,时间每次以半小时至一小时为宜。从开窗时间上来说,中午比较合适,因为这个时间的PM2.5浓度是一天中相对最低的。


清肺食品真的管用吗?靠饮食清除污染物很难

面对全国大面积的雾霾侵袭,网络上各种防霾方法层出不穷,其中提到比较多的是吃猪血、鸭血、木耳等清肺食品能够清肺除尘,这是真的吗?

北京大学第一医院临床营养科营养师井路路在接受科技日报记者采访时表示,PM2.5的入侵依赖于我们的呼吸系统,细颗粒物通过鼻腔进入到肺的细支气管甚至肺泡,最终沉积于此,并参与多种疾病的发生发展。“而食物是从口腔进入人体,其后的消化吸收依赖的是我们的消化系统。”井路路解释说,食物的消化从口腔开始,经由食道进入胃后,经由胃酸和食物中的蛋白质被胃液中的胃蛋白酶初步分解,形成的食糜进入小肠后进一步消化分解形成葡萄糖、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质等微量元素小分子营养素,再通过小肠绒毛吸收进入血液循环。可见,归属于呼吸系统的“雾霾”和归属于消化系统的“食物”走的是截然不同的两条“路”,因此,无论猪血、鸭血以及黑木耳等几乎没什么机会和有害物质“碰面”,自然也就无法产生反应了。


虽然好吃,但不“清肺”

井路路强调,目前并无科学证据表明猪血、鸭血、黑木耳在消化吸收进入血液后,还能抵达PM2.5的集散地,起到“清道夫”作用。

目前任何食物都没法清除或减轻PM2.5对解剖学意义上的肺的不良影响,“不要轻信食物清肺的说法”。潘小川明确表示,PM2.5是一种由多种化学物质组成的细颗粒物,各地PM2.5成分也很复杂,可能会有所不同,并没有专门针对防治PM2.5的食品,各种食疗对防护PM2.5真正作用不大,因此“某种食品可以防PM2.5”,没有科学依据。
不要因为雾霾哭,梅斯医学给你送上防霾口罩,点击图片进入积分商城即可领取~

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    2017-01-11 xiaotaiyang1

    了解一下

    0

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    2017-01-11 smartxiuxiu

    辟谣贴

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1264966, encodeId=10fa126496619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9574144034a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PM2.5#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14403, encryptionId=9574144034a, topicName=PM2.5)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87f580, createdName=yilong5287542, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169603, encodeId=5fa316960356, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 14:40:18 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169528, encodeId=075a169528fc, content=辟谣贴, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 09:31:52 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169514, encodeId=5ae816951480, content=还是要注意防护, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 08:52:39 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169479, encodeId=67d71694e9f1, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 07:32:21 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169410, encodeId=e8c11694104f, content=应该是真的,好可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 21:34:52 CST 2017, time=2017-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-11 天涯183

    还是要注意防护

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1264966, encodeId=10fa126496619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9574144034a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PM2.5#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14403, encryptionId=9574144034a, topicName=PM2.5)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87f580, createdName=yilong5287542, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169603, encodeId=5fa316960356, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 14:40:18 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169528, encodeId=075a169528fc, content=辟谣贴, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 09:31:52 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169514, encodeId=5ae816951480, content=还是要注意防护, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 08:52:39 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169479, encodeId=67d71694e9f1, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 07:32:21 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169410, encodeId=e8c11694104f, content=应该是真的,好可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 21:34:52 CST 2017, time=2017-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-11 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1264966, encodeId=10fa126496619, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9574144034a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PM2.5#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14403, encryptionId=9574144034a, topicName=PM2.5)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87f580, createdName=yilong5287542, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 08:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169603, encodeId=5fa316960356, content=了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 14:40:18 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169528, encodeId=075a169528fc, content=辟谣贴, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 09:31:52 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169514, encodeId=5ae816951480, content=还是要注意防护, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 08:52:39 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169479, encodeId=67d71694e9f1, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 07:32:21 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169410, encodeId=e8c11694104f, content=应该是真的,好可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Tue Jan 10 21:34:52 CST 2017, time=2017-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-10 thlabcde

    应该是真的,好可怕!

    0

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