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medRxiv:北京大规模流行病学筛查应该怎么做?哈佛研究给启示

2020-06-30 朱雪琦 医学界

为了控制从新发地开始的疫情,北京正在全市范围内进行大规模的流行病学监测。

为了控制从新发地开始的疫情,北京正在全市范围内进行大规模的流行病学监测。

官方通报,截至6月28日12时,北京全市累计完成采样829.9万人,已完成检测768.7万人,基本完成“应检尽检”人员的动态清零。

6月28日,北京新增确诊病例量再次回到个位数,但是“假阴性”问题,为日渐明朗的防控局势投下一丝阴影。北京6月25日11例新增确诊病例中,有5例首次核酸检测为阴性。其中,3人核酸检测结果为阴性,但血清抗体检测为阳性,最终被确诊。

检测的“假阳性”、“假阴性”、什么时候出检测报告、是否需要多次检测,成为过去两周里北京市民最关心的事情。

来自科罗拉多大学和哈佛大学的研究人员,同样在关注不同的流行病监测模式的有效性问题。但是他们发现,病毒筛检手段灵敏度的重要性被高估了,检测频率和短时间出结果更加重要。

研究人员通过大量模拟测试发现,在全人群的水平上,每14天进行一次冠状病毒检测,最终的感染总数和没有检测一样,都会快速攀升。但是,出于成本和效率考虑,如果使用不那么灵敏的检测方法,但每周进行检测,结合隔离措施,仍然可以控制疫情的爆发。

这项研究6月22日发表在预印本平台medRxiv,目前尚未经过同行评议。


病毒筛检手段

论文一开始,研究者就开宗明义地指出:由于在感染病毒的各个阶段,甚至无症状感染者都能够传播病毒,强有力的流行病监测对于现阶段在全球范围内控制病毒传播,促进社会的重新开放尤为重要。

其中,病毒筛检手段往往是最为重要的工具。目前,即时定量聚合酶连锁反应(Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,简称RT-qPCR)是检测新冠病毒最准确有效的黄金标准。然而,qPCR仍然昂贵。而且作为一种基于实验室的检测方法,样品-报告时间通常很长,在 24-48 小时之间。

新的筛检技术的发展有可能显著降低成本,从而扩大检测范围,提高检测频率,并显著减少出结果的时间。但是,这些方法在很大程度上并不符合分析灵敏度的黄金标准,阻碍了它们更广泛的应用。

在进一步的介绍这一研究前,首先需要清楚一个概念——分析灵敏度,也被称为检测限(limit of detection ,简称LOD),指的是可检测的最低分析物浓度。

RT-qPCR的检测限为103cp/ml,更便宜也更快的检测方法,如RT-LAMP和快速抗原检测的检测限则较高,大约是105cp/ml。

人体感染新型冠状病毒后,会有一段时间的潜伏期,在此期间病毒滴度通常过低而无法被检测到,随后病毒呈指数增长,病毒载量和传染性达到峰值,之后病毒水平下降直到被完全清除。

根据新冠病毒载量的动力学模型,在病毒指数增长期间,103cp/ml 和 105cp/ml 之间的时间窗很短。虽然对SARS-CoV-2 的时间窗尚没有严格的定义,但对于其他呼吸道病毒,例如流感病毒,以及 SARS-CoV-2 在雪貂身上的传播模型来说,这个时间窗口大约是一天。

为了弄清使用不同的病毒检测方法,不同的监测策略对全人群感染水平的影响,研究者使用数学建模的方法,来分析检测手段的灵敏度、检测频率和出报告的时间长短,对流行病监测效果的影响。


流行病学启示

论文的主要作者科罗拉多大学博尔德分校计算机科学系教授 Dan Larremore 在 Twitter 上解释了这项研究的几个主要的发现:首先,检测方法的灵敏性没有我们想象的那么重要。qPCR相比其他检测的灵敏度优势,只体现在12小的时间窗口里。


研究发现:流行病检测的有效性取决于检测频率/论文截图

其次,只有高频率的检测,才能利用这个很短的时间窗口。因此,研究者指出,如果是出于监测流行病的目的,那么不应该排除灵敏度较低的检测方法。

考虑到新冠病毒载量动力学的模式,研究者将病毒的传染性建模为病毒载量的函数,来对流行病的监测效果进行分析。研究者改变检测的频率,从每天检测一次到每14天检测一次。采用类似于 RT-qPCR 和 RT-LAMP/快速抗原测试,检测限为103cp/ml和105cp/ml两种不同的检测手段。同时,研究使用了两种不同的流行病学模型,以确保重要的观察结果独立于特定的模型。

研究发现,检测频率是影响流行病是否得到控制的主要驱动因素,使用更灵敏的检测方法只能提供很小的改善。

同时,模拟结果表明,在没有监测或两周做一次检测的情况下,病毒的传播都得不到控制。而每周一次检测,无论检测限是103cp/ml还是105cp/ml,配合积极病例隔离,都能有效的控制病毒的传播。

流行病监测中还有一个重要影响因素,从收集检测样本到报告检测结果的时间。研究者通过建模发现,报告的延误将大大影响病毒传播的控制效果。这一结论再一次强调,快速报告检测结果在任何流行病监测中都是至关重要的。

总而言之,有效的流行病监测,主要取决于检测的频率和报告结果的速度,而提高检测的敏感性仅能略微提高监测的效率。

当然,研究者提醒,用于临床诊断的检测手段不同于流行病筛查,灵敏性对于临床诊断依然非常重要。研究者也指出了这项研究的局限性:所有的数据和模型都建立目前对新冠病毒动力学和传染性的理解上。而“这里有很多未解的谜团,持续的研究将是很有价值的”。

最后,研究者建议,食品药品管理局、政府和其他机构应该鼓励开发和使用具有替代性的、更快、成本更低的检测方法,即使它们的灵敏度较低。“如果现在的新冠检测点,能够更快的出结果,或者能够提高检测频率,我们的研究结果表明,这将具有很高的流行病学价值。”

原始出处:

Daniel B Larremore, Bryan Wilder, Evan Lester, et.al. Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 surveillance. medRxiv June 27, 2020.

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    2021-01-11 ylz8403
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    2020-07-02 xugumin
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    2020-07-02 amyloid
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043414, encodeId=57292043414a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Mon Jan 11 14:01:35 CST 2021, time=2021-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1391273, encodeId=8dac13912e3e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06031149070' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#medRxiv#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11490, encryptionId=06031149070, topicName=medRxiv)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=101c2500074, createdName=124987e8m07暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 10:01:35 CST 2020, time=2020-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1411368, encodeId=e44a141136812, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91e96538eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#流行病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65387, encryptionId=91e96538eee, topicName=流行病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=xugumin, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 10:01:35 CST 2020, time=2020-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1557509, encodeId=2845155e5098e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7bec398e2e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#哈佛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39872, encryptionId=7bec398e2e6, topicName=哈佛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c7014916331, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 10:01:35 CST 2020, time=2020-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1610561, encodeId=abcf1610561ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 10:01:35 CST 2020, time=2020-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=800645, encodeId=dc51800645ab, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b972455532, createdName=1240394fm61暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 30 22:48:07 CST 2020, time=2020-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=800614, encodeId=98b5800614c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=46ce580e865' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠肺炎#</a>这叫中国的经验全球传播。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58078, encryptionId=46ce580e865, topicName=新冠肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/02/28/889a1910ded7780f3c049b354f1648b7.jpg, createdBy=2a791737770, createdName=mswert122, createdTime=Tue Jun 30 19:19:11 CST 2020, time=2020-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-06-30 1240394fm61暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2020-06-30 mswert122

    #新冠肺炎#这叫中国的经验全球传播。

    0

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