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病例分享:口服降糖药物的“默契拍档”

2018-06-10 阿拉蕾 谢玲玎 卜石 中国医学论坛报

患者,男性,65岁。2年前体检发现空腹血糖9 mmol/L,未诊治。3月前查餐后血糖21 mmol/L,患者自觉多饮、多尿,自行服用二甲双胍500 mg bid,监测空腹血糖为13 mmol/L,餐后血糖17 mmol/L左右。曾自行加用阿卡波糖50 mg tid,因腹胀明显停用。现为优化降糖方案,评估并发症入院治疗。

病例提供者:中日友好医院  谢玲玎

简要病史

1、患者,男性,65岁。

2、2年前体检发现空腹血糖9 mmol/L,未诊治。3月前查餐后血糖21 mmol/L,患者自觉多饮、多尿,自行服用二甲双胍500 mg bid,监测空腹血糖为13 mmol/L,餐后血糖17 mmol/L左右。曾自行加用阿卡波糖50 mg tid,因腹胀明显停用。现为优化降糖方案,评估并发症入院治疗。

3、既往高血压病史4年。有糖尿病家族史。

查体

BP:130/72 mmHg,BMI:25.9 kg/m2,心、肺、腹查体无异常。

辅助检查

尿常规:尿糖 2+;肝肾功能:正常。
糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c):9.1%,糖化白蛋白:23.7%。



血脂检查:甘油三酯 1.76 mmol/L,总胆固醇 6.61 mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白 4.67 mmol/L,高密度脂蛋白 1.09 mmol/L。

糖尿病并发症筛查:双侧下肢动脉粥样硬化伴斑块形成(较大者:1.6 cm×0.24 cm),双侧颈动脉及血流未见明显异常。冠脉CTA:冠状动脉轻度硬化,前降支近段轻度狭窄。

糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变,无糖尿病周围神经病变。


1、2型糖尿病;2、高脂血症;3、下肢动脉粥样硬化伴斑块。
诊断依据:患者中年起病,超重体型,有糖尿病家族史,起病后无酮症倾向,口服降糖药物血糖有所下降。

诊治过程

1、控制饮食,运动。
2、入院后将二甲双胍调整为1000 mg bid(早、晚餐后,口服),联合诺和灵R 8 u-6 u-6 u(三餐前,皮下注射),优泌林N 12 u(睡前,皮下注射)。

血糖监测结果



3、入院第6天开始停用胰岛素,加用西格列汀 100 mg qd。



用药分析

1、中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2017年版)推荐内容:如单独使用二甲双胍而血糖仍未达标,则可加用胰岛素促泌剂、α糖苷酶抑制剂、二肽基肽酶4(DPP-4)抑制剂等。



2、既往研究结果显示,对比单药治疗,二甲双胍联合西格列汀能够协同升高活性胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)水平,提示DPP-4抑制剂联合二甲双胍,机制互补,协同增效。


图片引自:Mechanisms of glucose lowering of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when used alone or with metformin in type 2 diabetes: a double-tracer study. Diabetes Care. 2013, 36: 2756-62. 

3、既往有荟萃分析共纳入9项亚洲人群研究,研究时间为10至26周,其中使用DPP-4抑制剂(包括西格列汀、阿格列汀和维格列汀)1046人,使用α糖苷酶抑制剂929人。

结果显示,亚洲人群中DPP-4抑制剂降糖效果优于α糖苷酶抑制剂。

图片引自:Comparisons of the efficacy of glucose control, lipid profile, and β-cell function between DPP-4 inhibitors and AGI treatment in type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2015, 50: 590-7.

4、2017年美国临床内分泌医师协会(AACE)和美国内分泌学会(ACE)联合发布2型糖尿病综合管理指南,指出α糖苷酶抑制剂类药物增加胃肠道不良反应,而DPP-4抑制剂对胃肠道的不良反应是中性的。



病历小结

患者单药二甲双胍血糖控制不佳,曾联用阿卡波糖,但不能耐受副作用。
西格列汀的副作用不常见,与二甲双胍联用没有出现明显胃肠道副作用。
西格列汀服用次数少,患者依从性好。
对于胰岛功能尚可的2型糖尿病患者,给予胰岛素强化治疗减轻糖毒性作用后再改为口服西格列汀治疗,可使患者获得良好疗效。

专家点评

卜石  主任医师
中日友好医院内分泌科主任医师,临床医学博士。
北京医学会骨矿盐分会委员,中国医师协会内分泌和代谢学分会青年委员,中国老年保健医学研究会老年骨质疏松分会委员。

患者,男,65岁,2型糖尿病诊断成立。患者超重,糖尿病病程2年,不合并心、脑血管疾病和其它严重疾病,故此患者的血糖控制目标应为HbA1c<7%。

患者入院时空腹血糖>10 mmol/L、HbA1c 9.1%,入院前方案为二甲双胍单药治疗(日剂量1 g)。考虑到患者血糖较高,入院之初在优化二甲双胍剂量的同时,予以每日4次皮下注射胰岛素以使血糖尽快达标。当高血糖对胰岛细胞的葡萄糖毒性解除后,患者胰岛功能得到恢复。

下一步抉择是要为患者制订今后合理的长期控糖方案。仍回归二甲双胍单药治疗而使血糖达标的希望显然渺茫。因此,在教育患者坚持饮食和运动控制的同时,在二甲双胍基础上联用第二种口服降糖药就成为最合理的方案。

此患者曾加用阿卡波糖,因胃肠道不能耐受而停用。患者糖尿病病程短,胰岛功能较好,加用磺脲类或格列奈类药物可以强力降糖,但低血糖风险也相对较大。

DPP-4抑制剂西格列汀通过抑制内源性肠促胰素的降解来增强肠促胰素促进胰岛素分泌和抑制胰升糖素的作用,这种葡萄糖浓度依赖性的双细胞作用使DPP-4抑制剂具有单独应用不会产生低血糖以及不增加体重的特点。

DPP-4抑制剂与二甲双胍在作用机制上具有互补和协同作用,是一对“默契的拍档”。

本病例的治疗过程验证了,二甲双胍+西格列汀的组合在停用每日32 u的胰岛素后仅3天就使血糖达标,完成了向出院方案的圆满过渡,并且未出现低血糖。

本病例虽然没有长期随访的结果,但参考已有的观察性研究和回顾性的队列分析,西格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗使血糖维持达标的时间长于磺脲类药物联合二甲双胍维持的时间。

我们对这一方案维持血糖的持久性充满信心,Tecos研究证据亦解除了我们对长期应用西格列汀的心血管安全性的担忧。相信西格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗的方案能使患者血糖达标更持久、更安全。

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    2018-06-16 txqjm

    谢谢了.学习

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    2018-06-16 青山颖钰

    学习了

    0

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    2018-06-14 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-06-11 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-06-11 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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