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面对妊娠合并肺动脉高压,产科医生能做什么?

2019-05-21 妇儿君 妇儿中心

严重的肺动脉高压和长期的低氧血症还可致胎儿宫内缺氧,导致流产、早产、胎儿窘迫和胎儿生长受限,低体重儿和早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生率明显增加,围生儿病死率和死亡率显着增加。

去年6月,吴梦的手术被称为「奇迹」。

2013年,吴梦被诊断出Esen-menger综合症(一种严重的先天性心脏病,包括房间隔缺损和主动脉转位),合并严重的肺动脉高压。

五年后,吴梦在全麻ECMO(体外膜肺氧合)辅助下剖宫产生下了一个孩子,术后又因为迟迟不能脱机,做了房间隔缺损介入封堵术同期肺移植手术,母子才双双存活下来。

在很多人眼里,这是世界上绝无仅有的医学奇迹,她的主刀医生,被称作「中国肺移植第一人」的陈静瑜,却感到无比沉重。

一.妊娠合并肺动脉高压(PAH)是最危险的疾病之一。

根据统计结果,妊娠合并肺动脉高压发病率约为百万分之十一,但围产期死亡率却高达30%~50%。

严重的肺动脉高压和长期的低氧血症还可致胎儿宫内缺氧,导致流产、早产、胎儿窘迫和胎儿生长受限,低体重儿和早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生率明显增加,围生儿病死率和死亡率显着增加。



因此,国际和国内的肺动脉高压指南都明确建议:肺动脉高压女性避免妊娠,一旦妊娠应在12周内终止。

但是,由于部分患者有强烈的生育愿望,临床上此类患者并不罕见,就像42岁的吴梦,还有“人间世”里25岁的吴莹。

面对这类患者,产科医生能做的就只有与心内科、麻醉科、重症监护病房等密切合作,加强监护,争取安全度过妊娠和分娩期。

二.孕期处理

1、一般处理:

(1)休息及饮食:

休息、低盐饮食以及补充维生素,最低限度地减轻心脏负担。

孕晚期避免仰卧位,侧卧位卧床,减少胎儿对下腔静脉的压迫,保持静脉回流通畅,避免血容量的急剧变化;

行走时可穿弹力袜,及时纠正血容量不足。


(2)定期产检

根据孕妇的心功能状况,决定产前检查的次数和是否需要住院治疗等。建议患者在孕中期开始甚至更早,到条件较好的三级医院住院治疗。

由于PAH患者对血红蛋白水平降低的耐受性很差,即使是轻度贫血也应及时处理;

监测血氧饱和度,这是反映肺动脉血流量,监测艾森曼格综合征患者心脏内右向左分流的重要指标。

每次就诊时进行心功能的评估,可应用地高辛和利尿剂控制心衰,心衰纠正后,应及时终止妊娠。

(3)吸氧:

尽管目前尚没有证据表明吸氧能改善母儿结局,但目前仍建议夜间或感觉呼吸困难时采取面罩吸氧。

2、肺血管扩张药物:

目前证实前列环素和一氧化氮(NO)是有效的选择性肺血管扩张剂。

依前列醇(前列环素,PGI2)或其类似物伊洛前列素(iloprost)静脉滴注持续给药,能够降低患者肺血管阻力,改善右心室功能。

与静脉给药相比,短期应用雾化吸入则可以更有效地降低肺动脉压。目前雾化吸入依前列醇及其类似物是控制非妊娠患者肺动脉高压的重要药物治疗手段。

在预产期前几周至分娩期内短期应用依前列醇可稳定肺动脉压力,从而改善产妇预后。

NO可以经鼻导管、面罩或者气管内插管给予。

已经有给予该药成功经阴分娩或者剖宫产结束妊娠的报道,用于艾森曼格综合征的孕妇也能降低肺动脉压。

NO联合O2吸入的疗效可能优于单一气体吸入,应用NO必须监测高铁血红蛋白。

由于无法监测NO吸入浓度,使用不方便而无法长期应用,国内外均不建议将其作为长期治疗药物。

三.分娩期处理

1、终止妊娠的时机:

应根据患者心功能状态、肺动脉压力高低和孕周综合决定。

对于心功能维持在I~Ⅱ级,肺动脉压轻、中度升高者,可在严密监护下观察、治疗,争取延长孕周至32周以上,以提高新生儿的存活率;

如已妊娠至30周,可积极治疗,尽量降低心功能恶化程度,延长孕周,同时给予促胎儿肺成熟治疗。

严重的心脏病(如紫绀型心脏病)、心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级或重度肺动脉高压孕妇尽早终止妊娠。

对难以控制的严重心衰,特别是危及孕妇生命时,不论胎儿是否能够成活,都应及时终止妊娠。

2、终止妊娠的方式:

(1)早、中期妊娠:

早期妊娠应在麻醉下行人工流产或钳刮术,而孕中期终止妊娠时,宜行剖宫取胎术。

麻醉可减少手术疼痛等不良刺激对心脏的影响,同时有麻醉医师进行手术中心电监护则更安全,麻醉应选择对血液动力学影响小的连续性硬膜外麻醉。



(2)晚期妊娠:

国内倾向均采取剖宫产术终止妊娠。

剖宫产可在较短时间内结束分娩,避免长时间子宫收缩所引起的血流动力学变化,减轻疲劳和疼痛等引起的耗氧增加,选择在持续硬膜外麻醉下进行手术,产妇血压、平均动脉压及心率均较经阴道分娩者变化小。

进行硬膜外麻醉时应慎重,麻醉平面不宜过高,最低限度地降低周围血管扩张,避免使血流动力学恶化。

可在手术过程中及产后留置肺动脉导管,以获得准确的肺动脉压力、心输出量等一系列血流动力学指标,并可以此为依据调整药量。

术中应注意防治仰卧位低血压综合征,即左侧15°,上半身抬高30°,适当限制输液量,以24h内静滴1000ml为宜。

若选择经阴道分娩,应在重症监护病房进行,并给予持续心电监护,产妇不能屏气,以免突然升高的体循环压力导致晕厥,避免第二产程延长,可选择性进行产钳助产。

3、产后处理:

产后严密观察阴道流血量和血氧饱和度,出血多时及时对因治疗及补充血制品,因为重度肺动脉高压患者对避免血容量减少耐受性极差,易造成心衰死亡。

产后至少应住院监护1周。心功能Ⅲ级以上不宜哺乳。

同时应告知肺动脉高压的患者禁止再次妊娠,根据病情择期选用相应的绝育或避孕手段;禁用口服避孕药,因其可增加栓塞的危险。

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    2019-05-21 Janeinair

    当时看人世间就觉得这个女的太犟了

    0

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    2019-05-21 gcwu82

    案例给予的警示

    0

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    2019-05-21 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2019-05-21 明天jing

    肺动脉高压表面是罕见病,事实上临床上并不少见,治疗药物虽然有一些,但是整体仍然不理解,可能未来需要采用综合治疗措施。

    0

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