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饶毅:学霸怎样读文献

2014-09-11 饶毅 科学网

通过科学研究的刊物读原始论文和综述等文献,首先是学习的一步,是学术成长的必需;其后成为研究人员的日常工作的一部分,所谓活到老学到老对自然科学研究者来说不是例外而是常规,停止读文献之日基本是退出科学前沿之时。 读文献时,可以经常想其他人的文章与自己目前的研究能否有关系,也可以想文献对自己以后的方向的影响。经常这么要求自己可能从文献得到帮助,不过多数时候阅读文献并不一定马上有用,

通过科学研究的刊物读原始论文和综述等文献,首先是学习的一步,是学术成长的必需;其后成为研究人员的日常工作的一部分,所谓活到老学到老对自然科学研究者来说不是例外而是常规,停止读文献之日基本是退出科学前沿之时。




读文献时,可以经常想其他人的文章与自己目前的研究能否有关系,也可以想文献对自己以后的方向的影响。经常这么要求自己可能从文献得到帮助,不过多数时候阅读文献并不一定马上有用,可能更多如儿童时代看故事书一般好玩,久而久之实际成为研究人员的生活习惯。

实验科学的研究人员,如果自己动手,时间最多的是花在做实验。对生命科学的人来说,研究生和博士后阶段都是自己做实验,而任助理教授以后,自己做多少实验因人而异,现实是做实验比较好的人最后一般也不做实验了,有些人误认为做了“老板” 不宜做实验,荒废了自己实验室最佳研究人员。英国传统提倡教授做实验,发育生物学的诺贝尔奖得主John Gurdon、分子生物学的诺贝尔奖得主Fred Sanger 等皆一直自己动手做实验。Sanger 的美国学生Gerald Rubin在休斯医学研究所HHMI的内部机构Janelia Farm也提倡教授做研究,虽然能做到的并不一定多。

对没有做实验优点的人,在无需自己动手做实验后,可能主要时间在读研究杂志。这一点,理科的人比较熟悉,其他行业的人不一定清楚。曾有人要我写文章,提倡大学生、研究生开中文课,促进理科学生的中文水平,但实际上:理科学生的中文只要中学水平就足够了,我自己的中文达不到现在中学生的中文水平也能混饭吃,理科学生更需要提高阅读英文科学文献的能力和速度,读多了、懂多了对科学研究很重要,而中文写作比较次要。

一些基本刊物是必读的。基本刊物随领域、随时间而不同。现在杂志种类比我自己做学生的时候多,以前较容易阅读相关的全部科研期刊。学生时代开始订阅周刊Nature和Science、双周刊Cell,每期必读有助于了解全貌和重要进展。自己订阅有好处,印象最深的一次是有次睡觉前进洗手间的时候读当期Nature,晚上做梦把文章中细节(如第几个氨基酸是硒化半胱氨酸)重复了一遍,早上起来查对了觉得很好玩。Nature和 Science的非研究部分,帮助了解全世界科学界的概括,知道广为关注的事情,有助于融入全球科学共同体。还有一个小尴尬:以前觉得Cell刊物纸质味道很好闻,常悄悄放到面前深吸几次。

多学科的半月刊PNAS,生物的月刊EMBO Journal,也需浏览。各人还有专业的刊物,具体如下:

神经生物学:Nature Neuroscience、Neuron、Journal of Neuroscience。

每月的综述刊物:Trends in Cognitive Sciences、Nature Reviews Neuroscience、Trends in Neuroscience。

年度的综述刊物:Annual Review of Neuroscience、Annual Review of Physiology、Annual Review of Pharmacology。

行为学:Current Biology、Journal of Experimental Biology、Journal of Neurophysiology 。

发育生物学:Development、Genes and Development 、Developmental Biology、Developmental Cell、Nature Cell Biology。

遗传学:Nature Genetics、Genetics、Journal of Human Genetics、 American Journal of Human Genetics。

综述:Trends in Genetics、Annual Review of Genetics、Current Biology。

Nature杂志社出版多种子刊,真有创新的刊物是Nature Methods和Nature Chemical Biology。如果没有Nature Methods,方法学的研究很难作为单独的论文,除非是很重要的方法,否则一般来说方法都被埋在问题导向的文章中。

Nature Methods出现后,实际不仅适应了方法学发展的趋势,也因为方法学可以单独发表文章而鼓励和促进的方法学的发展。Nature Chemical Biology可能也有这种作用,而且等于是挑出了一些相关的文章给不常规读化学文章的人。

有些刊物不是本领域也值得浏览,如Trends in Pharmacological Sciences、Trends in Biochemical Sciences、Trends in Cell Biology、Annual Review of Biochemistry。

没有电子刊物的时代,除了订阅主要是靠图书馆。现在是订每期的电子提醒。

为了避免忘记,不仅个人可以订免费的电子提醒、也可由实验室专人同时订提醒并将每期的目录给全实验室。还订一些纸质版以防计算机上忘了,也便于出差时携带。建议学生看到好的文章,下载全文给大家交流。这点在国内好像很奇怪,多数学生认为下载文献给大家是过分高调自己在读文献,而读文献是必需的工作,无关高调低调,共享文章不过是同事之间在学术上最简单的交流方式之一。有些重要的文章也给院系的研究生、研究所的学生、感兴趣研究的本科生,有时也挑一些好玩的文章转给朋友和他们学生物的孩子。

一般性文献的阅读时间可很长、也可短,取决于读的多仔细、多广泛。为了专门问题读文献,现在比以前容易多了,以前在图书馆抱着一大堆杂志去复印,不仅麻烦,也很不方便从一篇文献找到另外的文献。不过有了条件的今天,不用好文献的人可能很容易落后。

读文献自然有好处,对研究有更多理解,对新发现有较高敏感性,甚至跨较远的专业方向设计出创新的实验,也有助于必要的时候转变研究方向。印度裔美国物理学家Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar主张每十年换研究领域。如果这么做,平时积累后做决定可能比临时换容易一些。

读文献也有坏处,如:容易受潮流影响,容易怕在新技术、新概念等方面落后而潜移默化而急于跟踪。如何保持批评的态度,阅读文献而不完全被文献所掩埋独创性不是很容易解决的问题。所谓“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆”在文献阅读和科研原创之间的矛盾显而易见。

但是,对于自然科学绝大多数领域的研究者来说,完全停止读文献很难,除非退出科学研究。

如果视读文献为乐趣,比较喜欢自然科学;如果视之为畏途,则不容易几十年做科学研究。

科学期刊是科学工作者的必要读物,而书籍的作用已经较小,当然有些人在有些时期偶尔读很好的书。

至于非学术书籍对科研者来说到底是开阔视野、陶冶性情,还是业余消遣浪费时间,恐怕争论不休。

科学文献不仅让感兴趣者在假期有好玩的备胎,而且退休后仍有乐趣:随时可以享受人类智识,体会丰富多彩的自然奥秘,思辨有趣的规律。

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    2015-05-21 jasonuclear

    收获!

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24315, encodeId=c4b72431520, content=收获!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Thu May 21 01:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1647832, encodeId=bd44164e83281, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1c8456342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学霸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45634, encryptionId=d1c8456342d, topicName=学霸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=338223514698, createdName=kzlchina, createdTime=Sun Dec 14 17:44:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=12300, encodeId=3ea312300e8, content=尝试着去做做!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=178, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0252110924, createdName=jzchengtao, createdTime=Tue Oct 21 23:43:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11789, encodeId=ffa711e890e, content=读文献做研究很多都只是为了升职称什么的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=174, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150811/IMG55CA0B8EA36DB9813.jpg, createdBy=1e74109998, createdName=VAEQ, createdTime=Tue Sep 23 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11666, encodeId=6d481166630, content=现实与憧憬的矛盾,生活压力与理想遨游的竞争。很多地方根本没有这种物质基础条件去搞科研。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5eb9110092, createdName=wlwwcbnj, createdTime=Tue Sep 16 10:29:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11635, encodeId=eb81116355a, content=说句大实话: 饶的科研对中国社会的发展屁用都没有。。。纯粹烧钱。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=71.12.144.220, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 09:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-12-14 kzlchina
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24315, encodeId=c4b72431520, content=收获!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Thu May 21 01:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1647832, encodeId=bd44164e83281, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1c8456342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学霸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45634, encryptionId=d1c8456342d, topicName=学霸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=338223514698, createdName=kzlchina, createdTime=Sun Dec 14 17:44:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=12300, encodeId=3ea312300e8, content=尝试着去做做!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=178, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0252110924, createdName=jzchengtao, createdTime=Tue Oct 21 23:43:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11789, encodeId=ffa711e890e, content=读文献做研究很多都只是为了升职称什么的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=174, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150811/IMG55CA0B8EA36DB9813.jpg, createdBy=1e74109998, createdName=VAEQ, createdTime=Tue Sep 23 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11666, encodeId=6d481166630, content=现实与憧憬的矛盾,生活压力与理想遨游的竞争。很多地方根本没有这种物质基础条件去搞科研。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5eb9110092, createdName=wlwwcbnj, createdTime=Tue Sep 16 10:29:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11635, encodeId=eb81116355a, content=说句大实话: 饶的科研对中国社会的发展屁用都没有。。。纯粹烧钱。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=71.12.144.220, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 09:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-10-21 jzchengtao

    尝试着去做做!

    0

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    2014-09-23 VAEQ

    读文献做研究很多都只是为了升职称什么的。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24315, encodeId=c4b72431520, content=收获!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Thu May 21 01:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1647832, encodeId=bd44164e83281, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1c8456342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学霸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45634, encryptionId=d1c8456342d, topicName=学霸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=338223514698, createdName=kzlchina, createdTime=Sun Dec 14 17:44:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=12300, encodeId=3ea312300e8, content=尝试着去做做!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=178, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0252110924, createdName=jzchengtao, createdTime=Tue Oct 21 23:43:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11789, encodeId=ffa711e890e, content=读文献做研究很多都只是为了升职称什么的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=174, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150811/IMG55CA0B8EA36DB9813.jpg, createdBy=1e74109998, createdName=VAEQ, createdTime=Tue Sep 23 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11666, encodeId=6d481166630, content=现实与憧憬的矛盾,生活压力与理想遨游的竞争。很多地方根本没有这种物质基础条件去搞科研。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5eb9110092, createdName=wlwwcbnj, createdTime=Tue Sep 16 10:29:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11635, encodeId=eb81116355a, content=说句大实话: 饶的科研对中国社会的发展屁用都没有。。。纯粹烧钱。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=71.12.144.220, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 09:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-09-16 wlwwcbnj

    现实与憧憬的矛盾,生活压力与理想遨游的竞争。很多地方根本没有这种物质基础条件去搞科研。

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24315, encodeId=c4b72431520, content=收获!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=151, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160515/IMG57380B859AD1F1019.jpg, createdBy=2c5c1621956, createdName=jasonuclear, createdTime=Thu May 21 01:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1647832, encodeId=bd44164e83281, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d1c8456342d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学霸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45634, encryptionId=d1c8456342d, topicName=学霸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=338223514698, createdName=kzlchina, createdTime=Sun Dec 14 17:44:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=12300, encodeId=3ea312300e8, content=尝试着去做做!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=178, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0252110924, createdName=jzchengtao, createdTime=Tue Oct 21 23:43:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11789, encodeId=ffa711e890e, content=读文献做研究很多都只是为了升职称什么的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=174, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150811/IMG55CA0B8EA36DB9813.jpg, createdBy=1e74109998, createdName=VAEQ, createdTime=Tue Sep 23 10:34:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11666, encodeId=6d481166630, content=现实与憧憬的矛盾,生活压力与理想遨游的竞争。很多地方根本没有这种物质基础条件去搞科研。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5eb9110092, createdName=wlwwcbnj, createdTime=Tue Sep 16 10:29:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11635, encodeId=eb81116355a, content=说句大实话: 饶的科研对中国社会的发展屁用都没有。。。纯粹烧钱。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=211, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=71.12.144.220, createdTime=Sun Sep 14 09:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-09-14 71.12.144.220

    说句大实话: 饶的科研对中国社会的发展屁用都没有。。。纯粹烧钱。

    0

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