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一棵毒树结出的两颗恶果:糖尿病&多囊卵巢综合征

2016-06-10 武汉市中医医院内分泌科 徐乃佳 医学界内分泌频道

糖尿病&多囊卵巢综合征:你俩为啥“狼狈为奸”? 多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是女性最常见的内分泌紊乱疾病,在育龄妇女中的患病率为7%,以慢性无排卵和高雄激素血症为特征,常见的临床症状包括月经不调、不孕、多毛和肥胖等。其发病原因包括: ①下丘脑-垂体功能紊乱,黄体生成素分泌增多,卵泡刺激素正常或减少,加之高雄激素对下丘脑-垂体功能的干扰,影响卵泡发育; ②肾上腺功能异常影响下丘脑-垂体-卵

糖尿病&多囊卵巢综合征:你俩为啥“狼狈为奸”?

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是女性最常见的内分泌紊乱疾病,在育龄妇女中的患病率为7%,以慢性无排卵和高雄激素血症为特征,常见的临床症状包括月经不调、不孕、多毛和肥胖等。其发病原因包括:

①下丘脑-垂体功能紊乱,黄体生成素分泌增多,卵泡刺激素正常或减少,加之高雄激素对下丘脑-垂体功能的干扰,影响卵泡发育;
②肾上腺功能异常影响下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴,造成分泌异常;
③高胰岛素使颗粒细胞黄体化,导致卵泡的发育不良;
④卵巢局部分泌调控机制失常及遗传因素。

其病理生理改变涉及神经内分泌、糖代谢、脂代谢、蛋白质代谢及卵巢局部调控因素等的异常,不仅会对女性的生殖功能造成影响,其远期并发症,如2型糖尿病也会对女性健康造成威胁。国外研究显示,31%~35%的多囊卵巢综合征患者合并糖耐量受损,7.5%~10%符合WHO对糖尿病的诊断标准。国外学者还发现,在为期3年的观察中每年有16%的PCOS转化为糖耐量受损,又有2%从糖耐量受损转化为2型糖尿病。

多囊卵巢综合征和2型糖尿病的“狼狈为奸”,是因其有着共同的病理生理基础,即胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症。胰岛素抵抗为正常剂量的胰岛素产生低于正常生物学效应的一种状态,即机体对一定量胰岛素的生物学反应低于预计正常水平,表现为胰岛素的靶器官或靶组织,主要是肝脏、肌肉、脂肪组织对胰岛素的敏感性及反应性降低。在多囊卵巢综合征患者中65%~70%的患者出现胰岛素抵抗,2型糖尿病患者中出现胰岛素抵抗者超过80%。在胰岛素抵抗的基础上,机体代偿后分泌胰岛素形成高胰岛素血症。

2型糖尿病可被视作多囊卵巢综合征的并发症之一,也有2型糖尿病患者合并多囊卵巢综合征的报道,可惜缺乏大样本研究。当这两种疾患发生在同一个患者身上时,不易区分谁因谁果,这确实是一个“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的难题。对于1型糖尿病女性患者而言,皮下注射大剂量的外源性胰岛素可能造成高胰岛素血症,而高胰岛素血症本身又是多囊卵巢综合征发病的触发因素。

诊断时,两手都要抓,两手都要硬!

国内多囊卵巢综合征的诊断标准有两种参考,一是2003年的鹿特丹共识标准,即需满足以下3个标准中的任何2项,并排除肾上腺皮质功能异常、分泌雄激素肿瘤等病因即可确诊:

①有高雄激素血症的临床表现和/或生化改变;
②月经稀发(周期≥35天或闭经)或无排卵;
③多囊卵巢在超声下的改变(卵巢的直径在29 mm,卵泡≥12个,或/和卵巢的体积大于10 mL);

另一是国内2011 年由卫生部颁布的诊断标准,月经稀发、闭经或不规则子宫出血是诊断的必须条件。另外,符合下列2项中的1项,即可诊断为疑似病例:

①高雄激素的临床表现或高雄激素血症;

②超声表现为多囊卵巢。具备上述疑似诊断条件后还必须逐一排除其他可能引起高雄激素的疾病和引起排卵异常的疾病才能确定诊断,但彩超下的卵巢呈多囊改变并非诊断的必备条件。

诊断上,要做到两种疾病都要“抓”。美国糖尿病协会建议多囊卵巢综合征患者应常规筛查2型糖尿病,以免出现漏诊。笔者也认为,对于女性糖尿病患者,勿忘询问月经史,若合并月经不调、不孕、胰岛素抵抗严重、注射大剂量胰岛素者应注意筛查多囊卵巢综合征。

要提醒的是,别忘了和以下疾病进行鉴别:

①库欣综合征也具有高雄激素、月经失调、高血糖等表现,但主要表现为皮质醇过高,可用地塞米松抑制试验加以鉴别;
②卵巢门细胞瘤、良性囊性畸胎瘤、卵巢转移癌、肾上腺癌等,均可分泌较多的雄激素,肿瘤一般为单侧性,血中睾酮含量常>10. 4 pmol/L,结合影像学可鉴别;
③其他如甲状腺功能亢进症或甲状腺功能减退症,可根据临床特征性表现及测定血中甲状腺激素的含量加以鉴别。

防治时,改善胰岛素抵抗是关键!

当多囊卵巢综合征与糖尿病纠缠在一起,可使患者的胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症加重,发生高血压、冠心病、高脂血症、子宫内膜癌的风险增加,甚至发生眼、肾、神经、心脏和血管等多器官、系统的并发症。

针对病因,改善胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症是关键。无论是2型糖尿病还是多囊卵巢综合征,二甲双胍这方面的应用已很成熟,用法为每次500mg,每日2次或3次,治疗3~6个月,除发挥上述作用外,二甲双胍还可以直接作用于卵巢,减少雄激素的合成。我国指南也认为,二甲双胍可用于正在使用胰岛素治疗的1型糖尿病患者。另外,超重或肥胖患者通过生活方式干预降低体重的5%~10%也是改善胰岛素抵抗的方法,同时可以积极控制血糖。

对于高雄激素、月经不调者可选用口服避孕药如复方醋酸环丙孕酮,减少雄激素的合成并在靶器官与雄激素竞争性抢占受体,阻断外周雄激素的作用,调整月经,具体用法为自然月经或撤药出血的第1~5天服用,每日1片,连续服用21天,停药7天后重新开始用药,至少服用3~6个月,可重复使用。对于不孕者需进行药物促排卵治疗,首选克罗米芬。这是一种非类固醇的雌激素部分激动剂,能拮抗雌激素负反馈作用,使卵泡刺激素的水平上升,促进卵泡发育。通常克罗米芬的开始剂量为每天50mg,从月经周期的第5天开始服用。如果患者反应不佳,可将剂量增至每天100~200mg。对克罗米芬耐药的患者可选用促性腺激素治疗(200~500μg,每天皮下注射1次,连用4周)。

药物治疗均无效者,可选择手术治疗如腹腔镜下卵巢打孔术,如仍无排卵者,可考虑体外受精-胚胎移植术。

让我们结合病例熟悉一下——

患者,女,29岁,因“发现血糖升高3年余,血糖控制不佳1周”入院。3年前患者诊断为“2型糖尿病”,长期口服阿卡波糖及瑞格列奈降糖治疗。平素血糖控制尚可,近1周控制欠佳,遂收入院。入院后问诊得知其月经2~3个月来一次,每次量少,约3天左右即经期结束。

查体:入院时血压100/60mmHg,体重80kg,身高1.61m,BMI=30.2kg/m2,颜面散在痤疮。全身体毛多,以躯干部为主,分布于胸前、腋下、唇角。甲状腺不大,颈静脉无怒张。双侧乳房发育可,无溢乳。心肺未及异常。

入院后检查:肝肾功能、电解质、血脂正常。空腹胰岛素18.8μIU/ml,餐后2h胰岛素161.1μIU/ml。性激素示睾酮6.2ng/ml(正常值0.3~0.6ng/ml),心电图示:①窦性心律不齐;②电轴不偏。糖尿病相关抗体阴性。甲状腺功能、血皮质醇及血ACTH节律、子宫卵巢B超示正常。肾上腺CT未见异常。
诊断:2型糖尿病;多囊卵巢综合征;

治疗:在饮食治疗基础上,给予二甲双胍片0.5g/次,每天3次,口服,早晚注射门冬胰岛素30各20U。半月后患者来月经,月经来潮的第5天开始口服复方醋酸环丙孕酮片,每天晚上服用1片,并连续服用21天停药,待下次月经来潮的第5天开始继续用药,并开始下一个疗程。

随访:半年后患者体重下降8kg,空腹胰岛素9.8μIU/ml,2h胰岛素52.5μIU/ml。性激素示睾酮正常。月经基本规律,逐渐停用复方醋酸环丙孕酮片,继续饮食运动及口服二甲双胍,血糖逐渐达标。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1718369, encodeId=8d101e18369a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ce04315043' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43150, encryptionId=5ce04315043, topicName=多囊卵巢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c91632558486, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Sun Sep 25 22:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=132197, encodeId=b31013219eac, content=文章很好,非常有益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 21 08:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127477, encodeId=69eb12e477cc, content=学习新知识了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 13:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430627, encodeId=83e4143062e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 11:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89514, encodeId=f6e18951421, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89515, encodeId=495889515ec, content=值得研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-21 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,非常有益

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1718369, encodeId=8d101e18369a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ce04315043' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43150, encryptionId=5ce04315043, topicName=多囊卵巢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c91632558486, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Sun Sep 25 22:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=132197, encodeId=b31013219eac, content=文章很好,非常有益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 21 08:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127477, encodeId=69eb12e477cc, content=学习新知识了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 13:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430627, encodeId=83e4143062e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 11:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89514, encodeId=f6e18951421, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89515, encodeId=495889515ec, content=值得研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-15 舒心和人

    学习新知识了,感谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1718369, encodeId=8d101e18369a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ce04315043' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43150, encryptionId=5ce04315043, topicName=多囊卵巢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c91632558486, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Sun Sep 25 22:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=132197, encodeId=b31013219eac, content=文章很好,非常有益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 21 08:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127477, encodeId=69eb12e477cc, content=学习新知识了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 13:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430627, encodeId=83e4143062e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 11:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89514, encodeId=f6e18951421, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89515, encodeId=495889515ec, content=值得研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1718369, encodeId=8d101e18369a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ce04315043' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43150, encryptionId=5ce04315043, topicName=多囊卵巢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c91632558486, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Sun Sep 25 22:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=132197, encodeId=b31013219eac, content=文章很好,非常有益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 21 08:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127477, encodeId=69eb12e477cc, content=学习新知识了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 13:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430627, encodeId=83e4143062e41, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 11:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89514, encodeId=f6e18951421, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89515, encodeId=495889515ec, content=值得研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 01:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-12 milkshark

    的确这样

    0

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    2016-06-12 milkshark

    值得研究

    0

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