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Human Brain Mapping:生育史与中年及老年女性的脑白质年龄有关

2021-06-17 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

生育次数与脑白质脑龄呈负相关,这可能表明分娩对以后生活中的脑白质有保护作用。

母亲的大脑适应在怀孕后的不同时间窗(怀孕期间和产后)是动态变化的。其中一些变化涉及移情、心智和情感调节区域,因此可能代表适应,以满足后代的需求,并确保充分表达母性照顾。最近的研究还表明,妊娠的一些影响可能是长期的,潜在地影响生命后期的大脑轨迹。然而,对母亲大脑的神经成像研究主要集中在灰质(GM)体积和皮质厚度,而对怀孕对脑白质(WM)的影响知之甚少。很少知道分娩如何影响白质和以及白质衰老轨迹。

最近,Human Brain Mapping杂志发表文章,利用基于多重扩散数据预测全脑和局部脑龄。

该研究使用四种扩散模型(DTI, DKI, WMTI, SMT)来预测WM脑龄,并调查了脑龄估计与以前生育的相关性,该研究共选取了英国生物样本库的8895名女性(平均年龄±SD = 62.45±7.26,年龄范围为54-81岁)。有研究表明,不同的和区域的大脑年龄估计可能提供更多的细节,该研究估计了(a)全脑WM脑龄,(b)全脑GM脑龄,以测试模式特异性的贡献,和(c) 12个主要WM束的WM脑龄,以确定特别重要的区域。

脑龄预测是一种机器学习算法根据个体的大脑特征来估计其年龄的方法。然后将这一估计与个体的实际年龄进行比较,以估计每个个体的大脑年龄差距(BAG),这是用来确定偏离正常老化轨迹的程度。这些偏差与一系列临床危险因素以及神经和神经精神疾病相关。分别运行全脑WM和GM的脑年龄预测模型,并使用基于决策树集成算法的XGBoost回归模型对每个WM区域进行预测。XGBoost包括高级正则化以减少过拟合,并使用梯度推进框架,其中最终的模型是基于单个模型的集合。对WM和GM模型的全局特征进行主成分分析以减少计算时间。解释总方差的97.84%的前200个PCA成分被用作WM模型的输入,解释方差的98.07%的前700个成分被用作GM模型的输入。模型参数被设置为最大深度= 4,估计数量= 140,和学习速率= 0.1为全脑特定纤维束WM模型,最大深度= 5,估计数量= 140,和学习速度= 0.1为全脑通用模型,基于随机搜索与超参数折叠和迭代优化。该模型使用10倍交叉验证进行运行,该方法将样本分割成多个子集(折叠),并对除一个用于评估的子集以外的所有子集进行训练。这个过程重复10次,每次保留一个不同的子集以供计算。使用Scikit-learn库(https://scikit-learn.org)估算每个参与者的预测年龄,使用(预测-实际年龄)计算BAG值。为验证模型,将10倍交叉验证重复10次,并在交叉和重复中计算平均R2、均方根误差和平均绝对误差。

该研究调查了英国生物样本库队列中的8895名女性生育次数和白质脑年龄之间的关联。研究发现ATR、CG、CING、FMIN、IFOF、SLFT和CC的WM BAG估计值与生育次数之间存在显著的负相关。具体区域的BAG估计之间的相关性下图所示。

基于以前的生育次数的全脑白质(WM)脑龄差距(BAG)。左图: 雨云图显示在未经产、初产和经产妇女的WM BAG,该图结合了原始数据点(散点图)和数据的分布(直方图)。点和数字表示每组的平均值。右图:每组分娩妇女(1,2,3,4,5 - 8)与未经产妇女之间差异的Cohen's d效应大小。

CC对全脑白质与生育次数有独特的贡献。相关差异的配对Z检验显示,与SLF相比,ATR和FMIN与既往分娩的相关性显著更强,而CC与既往分娩的相关性比CST、CG、FMAJ、IFOF、ILF、SLF、UF和SLFT更强。

结果显示,生育史与脑白质脑龄呈负相关,这可能表明分娩对以后生活中的脑白质有保护作用对全脑白质和灰质脑龄的估计都显示出了与之前分娩的独特联系,这表明了部分独立的过程。相对于其他几个区域,胼胝体对全脑白质与生育次数有独特的贡献,并显示出较强的关系。

特定纤维束脑龄差距(BAG)估计之间的相关性(Pearson's r)。首先使用线性模型对BAG值进行了时间年龄校正,并在相关分析中使用残差。

虽然该研究结果表明生育史和生命后期的脑白质特征之间存在联系,但还需要进行纵向研究来确立因果关系,并确定分娩可能如何影响女性一生的脑白质轨迹。

原文出处

Voldsbekk, I.Barth, C.Maximov, I. I.Kaufmann, T.Beck, D.Richard, G.Moberget, T.Westlye, L. T., & de Lange, A.-M. G. (2021). A history of previous childbirths is linked to women's white matter brain age in midlife and older ageHuman Brain Mapping1– 15https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25553

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