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病例讨论|巨大气管食管瘘的治疗选择

2018-07-12 章婷婷 姚玲雅 方昊 消化界

患者女性,68岁。

病例回顾 

患者女性,68岁。

主诉:因“脑外伤3个月余,呛咳6天”于2016年6月6日入院。

病史:患者3个月前因车祸入住外院行开颅血肿清除术,术后入住ICU,于2016年3月19日行气管切开术。2个月余后患者出现呛咳症状,胃镜检查提示距离门齿18cm可见食管瘘。后转至我院胸外科就诊。

查体:神志清楚,精神欠佳,颈部气管切开置管,双肺呼吸音略粗,可闻及少许湿啰音。

辅助检查:

实验室检查:白细胞计数9.5×109/L,血红蛋白11.6g/dL,血小板计数228×109/L,中性粒细胞百分数77.7%,超敏C反应蛋白43.7mg/L。

纤维气管镜(2016年6月7日):气管中段膜部距声门7cm左右见一瘘口,符合气管食管漏(TEF)诊断(图1)。


图1  纤维气管镜见气管漏口
 
治疗及复查结果:

患者转呼吸内科拟行气管支架治疗,但是考虑到瘘口较大,位置不佳,无法行气管支架植入,遂选择行胃镜下经食管治疗。2016年6月23日床边胃镜检查见:距门齿20cm处可见一直径约4cm的瘘口,表面尚光滑,无明显分泌物,予一枚内镜金属夹系統(OTSC)及多枚钛夹补充夹闭瘘口,再经胃镜腔道置入鼻空肠营养管至十二指肠降部远端。术后禁食,肠内营养支持治疗。2016年7月1日复查颈部CT见:TEF术后,术区局部可见高密度影,符合TEF 治疗后改变。2016年7月11日纤维气管镜见(图2):气管中段膜部距声门7cm左右见一片六角形增生黏膜,与周围组织紧密粘合。因TEF形成时气管软骨环已破坏,术后增生黏膜非正常气管黏膜,考虑为纵隔软组织增生填塞了瘘口,至此患者的气道黏膜缺损已基本闭合。


图2  纤维气管镜见术后食管黏膜增生

讨论 

TEF临床上主要表现为反复肺部感染,进食呛咳,阵发性咳嗽,咯血等。根据病因可有良性和恶性之分。据文献 [1]报道其中47%良性TEF是由机械通气导致的,外伤后TEF形成占17%,恶性TEF中食管肿瘤占了75%。

TEF的内镜下支架植入术

既往TEF的治疗多采取外科手术治疗,但是外科手术创伤大,并发症多,死亡率也很高。近年来,随着内镜技术的发展,TEF可运用内镜治疗。内镜下气管支架植入封闭瘘口的同时可以改善气管狭窄,但是植入后不利于气管分泌物排出。对于高位的瘘口,食管支架往往是无法放置的。同时食管支架很容易移位,甚至可能移位至气管内造成气管梗阻,食管气管双支架植入适用于合并气管狭窄的恶性食管瘘的患者[2],但是其导致出血穿孔等并发症的可能性大大提高,另外术后吞咽困难伴胸痛等并发症也较常见。

对于恶性肿瘤导致的TEF患者,支架技术一定程度上可以改善预后,延长患者的生存期,但是对于良性病变导致的TEF,支架植入后常有胸部不适,对局部的压迫可能导致缺血坏死,造成瘘口增大,迁延不愈。并且良性病变愈合后支架取出时可能造成撕裂,使瘘口再次增大。综上,支架适用于瘘口小,生存期短的肿瘤性瘘口形成的患者,而对于高位瘘,瘘口较大以及良性病变导致的TEF是不适合放置支架的。

TEF的内镜下金属夹治疗

OTSC抓取范围广,抓取的力量大,并且可以闭合消化道全层,目前OTSC在临床领域常应用于消化道出血、穿孔、消化道瘘等。对于直径<1cm的瘘口可以直接用钛夹夹闭,1~2cm漏口可以用OTSC夹闭。

OTSC应用于消化道瘘的指征包括:

①7天以内的早期瘘口;

②消化道瘘口直径为1~3cm,

③瘘口周围少纤维化[3]。

对于慢性瘘道,周围组织已纤维化,直径>3cm,内镜下OTSC夹闭的成功率显著降低。Noriko报道了23例运用OTSC治疗ESD术后消化道穿孔的病例,其中9例病灶直径<2cm的患者均获得成功(成功率100%),8例直径2~3cm中2例治疗失败(成功率75%),6例直径>3cm中2例治疗失败(成功率66%),文中提到对于>3cm的病灶很难成功闭合[4]。Hang Lak Lee等的多中心前瞻性试验中[5]纳入了19个因自发性食管破裂导致的消化道瘘,OTSC治疗后均成功闭合瘘口,其中有2例TEF,分别是食管癌及肺结核病导致的瘘口,瘘口直径分别为8mm和5mm,这2个瘘口在OTSC操作上均获得了技术上的成功,但是通过长期随访发现临床上均以失败告终。很多文献已提到瘘口或者穿孔周围纤维硬化都直接影响临床成功率。这2个瘘口从形成到开始使用OTSC治疗的时间间隔较久,分别为15d和30d,其失败原因应该是瘘口边缘已逐渐纤维化。

本病例瘘口直径约4cm,属于慢性瘘道,我们运用OTSC与钛夹相结合,经治疗后1周复查颈部CT提示OTSC在位,2周后复查气管镜提示瘘口基本闭合。该例操作获得最终的成功,为OTSC治疗TEF的有效性提供了依据,为临床上治疗TEF又提供了更加合适的选择方案。

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    2018-07-24 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-07-14 zhouqu_8
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    2018-07-13 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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