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坐骨结节撕脱骨折手术治疗1例

2020-04-13 余俊 刘沛 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

坐骨结节撕脱骨折临床上罕见,多发于年轻运动员。坐骨结节撕脱骨折因腘绳肌、内收肌和外旋肌的强烈收缩所致,骨折移位明显。笔者于2019-05—02采用手术治疗1例外伤导致坐骨结节撕脱骨折,分析

坐骨结节撕脱骨折临床上罕见,多发于年轻运动员。坐骨结节撕脱骨折因腘绳肌、内收肌和外旋肌的强烈收缩所致,骨折移位明显。笔者于2019-05—02采用手术治疗1例外伤导致坐骨结节撕脱骨折,分析术中遇到的问题并复习相关文献,报道如下。

病例报道

患者,男,15岁,因左臀部扭伤1d入院。患者诉1d前跑步时不慎扭伤左臀部,当即感到左臀部疼痛、活动受限,以为是肌肉拉伤,在家休息无好转后就诊。入院后查体:左臀部肿胀、触痛,左髋部主被动活动受限,骨盆挤压分离试验(-),左下肢末梢循环感觉正常。骨盆X线片与CT显示左侧坐骨结节撕脱骨折。手术治疗方法:全身麻醉,取俯卧位,左下肢伸髋、屈膝,以坐骨结节为中心作长约8cm切口,沿肌肉走行钝性分离臀大肌,保护坐骨神经,显露骨折处,见坐骨结节骨折块向远端移位,复位骨折后用4枚空心钉固定,C型臂X线机透视确认骨折对位对线好且内固定位置及长度合适(图1),检查骨折端固定牢固,生理盐水冲洗,放置引流管,逐层缝合切口。术后给予预防感染、补液等对症治疗,术后第1天被动活动髋、膝关节,术后第2天切口换药时拔除引流管并主动活动髋、膝关节,术后第3天指导患者用助行器下床活动,术后第7天切口愈合良好出院。

图.png

讨论

坐骨结节撕脱骨折是一种罕见的运动损伤,目前医学界对其诊断和治疗尚无统一意见。虽然非手术治疗可以满足大多数患者的需求,但早期手术治疗移位较大的坐骨结节撕脱骨折可取得良好的疗效,而纵行切开臀下入路是理想的手术入路选择。撕脱骨折在临床上很常见,但坐骨结节撕脱骨折却少见,这与其发病机制相关。坐骨结节撕脱骨折最常见的原因是发生在踢球或跳舞时腘绳肌近端快速偏心负荷。短期重复训练会导致坐骨结节疲劳性骨折,此时需与坐骨结节骨骺炎相鉴别。坐骨结节撕脱骨折的症状和体征与近侧腘绳肌损伤相似,但如果没有进行MRI检查则撕裂伤往往不能确诊。有部分患者受伤后最初考虑为肌肉拉伤而未进行治疗,在经过休息后大部分患者好转,导致临床确诊率更低。本例受伤后最初误认为是简单的肌肉拉伤,经1d休息无好转后就诊才明确诊断。

目前对于坐骨结节撕脱骨折的治疗方案尚无金标准。Ferlic等分析认为,对于移位<15mm的坐骨结节撕脱骨折,非手术治疗可获得较好的效果;对于骨折移位>15mm的体力劳动患者,应考虑尽早手术干预。但Biedert认为骨折移位>2cm的年轻运动员可以进行手术治疗,以获得满意的效果。Sulko等指出,骨折移位导致坐骨神经受压也是手术指证之一。临床上有多种手术技术治疗坐骨结节撕脱骨折,包括切开复位螺钉和缝线锚钉内固定、同种异体肌腱加固、骨块切除术、线桥技术等。坐骨结节撕脱骨折未经治疗或采用非手术治疗可导致骨折畸形愈合或骨折不愈合,进而引起坐骨股动脉撞击、坐骨神经压迫和腘绳肌功能障碍,临床上由此产生的疼痛和功能障碍往往是慢性的。因此笔者认为,坐骨结节撕脱骨折患者应尽早手术干预,若患者出现神经压迫症状可考虑行急诊手术治疗,术后疼痛可以得到很好地缓解,患者可进行早期功能锻炼,防止并发症进一步加重导致不可逆的损伤。

原始出处:

余俊,刘沛.坐骨结节撕脱骨折手术治疗1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2020,35(02):218-219.

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