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Nat Neurosci:首次成功修复小鼠受损视神经,有望让盲人重见光明

2016-07-29 叶子 新浪科技

  图为再生中的小鼠视网膜神经节细胞轴突(紫红色和绿色部分)。   北京时间7月22日消息,近日,在斯坦福大学医学院领导下,研究人员首次成功修复了哺乳动物的部分关键视神经。   该研究报告被发表在《Nature Neuroscience》期刊的在线网站上。科学家让小鼠的视神经(负责将视觉信息从眼睛传递到大脑)在被完全切断之后,成功实现了再生,


图为再生中的小鼠视网膜神经节细胞轴突(紫红色和绿色部分)。
 
图为再生中的小鼠视网膜神经节细胞轴突(紫红色和绿色部分)。
 
北京时间7月22日消息,近日,在斯坦福大学医学院领导下,研究人员首次成功修复了哺乳动物的部分关键视神经。
 
该研究报告被发表在《Nature Neuroscience》期刊的在线网站上。科学家让小鼠的视神经(负责将视觉信息从眼睛传递到大脑)在被完全切断之后,成功实现了再生,并发现视神经可以重新沿袭之前的路径,重建与大脑合适部位的联系。
 
这项前无古人的修复工作或能帮助盲人重见光明。
 
在科学家重建小鼠的视神经之前,小鼠的症状类似于人类的青光眼,这是除白内障之外的第二大致盲原因。该研究的高级作者、神经生物学副教授安德鲁.休伯曼(Andrew Huberman)指出,白内障通常可以通过手术移除,但青光眼则没有有效的治疗方法。该研究的主要作者为加州大学圣地亚哥分校的研究生Jung-Hwan Albert Lim。
 
青光眼由视神经受压过高引起,全世界有将近7千万人深受此疾病之苦。外伤、视网膜脱落、垂体瘤、多种脑癌以及其它原因也会对视神经造成损伤,导致视力下降。
 
图为眼球的解剖结构。
 
图为眼球的解剖结构。
 
青光眼患者的受损视神经。
 
青光眼患者的受损视神经。
 
薄薄的细胞层
 
视网膜由一层薄薄的细胞构成,不超过信用卡的一半厚,是眼睛中负责感光的部分。如果神经细胞是办公室的话,这层薄薄的组织就犹如繁华的曼哈顿。视网膜后部的感光细胞通过向视网膜神经节细胞发送电编码信息,对不同波长的光线做出反应。视网膜神经节细胞的种类多达30种,每种分别擅长处理不同的视觉信息,如向上的动作、总体动作、或红色等。视网膜神经节细胞有着长长的、类似电线的突起,它们先是连成一捆、共同延伸到视神经处,然后向大脑的各部分发散出去,与其它神经细胞相连,向它们传递视觉信息。
 
“大脑可以通过某种方式,破解这些电信号,比如‘那边来了一辆车,我最好退到人行道上’”。休伯曼说道。
 
“大脑有超过三分之一的区域都是用来处理视觉信息的,”他说道,“超过24%的大脑区域能够直接接收视网膜神经节细胞发生的信号。这些区域不仅与我们通常认为的视觉区域有关,还与昼夜规律和情绪有关。”
 
休伯曼指出,视网膜神经节细胞是唯一将眼部与大脑相连的细胞。“这些细胞轴突被切断时,就好像直接把控制视觉的插头从插座上拔掉了一样。”他补充道。
 
复杂的视神经网络。
 
复杂的视神经网络。
 
眼部的轴突无法再生
 
当小鼠和人类等哺乳动物的脑部和脊椎细胞轴突受到损伤时,它们无法自行复原。(唯一已知的例外是嗅神经细胞。)休伯曼指出,视网膜也是大脑的一部分,因此哺乳动物的视网膜神经节细胞轴突一旦受到损伤,便会导致永久性的视力下降。
 
不过,位于中枢神经系统之外的哺乳动物细胞轴突是可以自行再生的。此外,在人体生长的早期阶段,脑神经细胞和脊柱神经细胞茁壮地成长,轴突可以设法突破一堆挡在半路上的脑组织,到达较远的地方。在完全成熟的成人体内,从视网膜神经节细胞到上丘(superior colliculus)之间的轴突可以长达6至8英寸(约合15至20厘米)。
 
有很多因素与成人大脑细胞无法自行再生有关,其中有一种受到了人们的广泛研究,即随着时间的推移,这些细胞中的分子间相互作用(又名mTOR信号通路)会逐渐减弱。
 
在这项研究中,成年小鼠一只眼睛的视神经被人为摧毁,它们每天要接受高强度的高对比度视觉刺激,观看不断闪烁的黑白条纹图片;或者接受生物化学手段治疗,让视网膜神经节细胞中的mTOR信号通路重新回到高档位上;或者两种方式同时进行。三周之后,研究人员测试了它们对特定视觉刺激的反应能力,并对它们的大脑进行了研究,观察是否有轴突开始了再生过程。
 
需要注意的是,虽然小鼠视神经中的视网膜神经节细胞被摧毁了,但前端的感光细胞、以及这些细胞与视网膜神经节细胞之间的联系仍然完好无损。
 
双管齐下取得成功
 
虽然接受两种方法之一治疗的小鼠受损眼部的视网膜神经节细胞轴突都出现了一定的恢复,但重新生长出来的轴突只能到达视交叉区域,即健康的轴突离开视神经、分头前往大脑各处结构的地方。但当小鼠同时接受两种方法治疗时,并且将小鼠未受伤的一边眼睛遮住、以激励它们使用受损眼部的话,就出现了大量轴突延伸到了视交叉之外,并成功与大脑中的相应部分相连
 
“这些视网膜神经节细胞轴突就好像保留了自己的GPS导航系统一样,”休伯曼说道,“它们还会连接到正确的位置上,并且不会跑错地方。”
 
对小鼠视力的测验显示,受损眼睛中感光细胞接收的视觉输入信息可以传输到同一只眼睛的视网膜神经节细胞中,并且最关键的是,这些信息还能传输到用于处理这些视觉输入信息的下游大脑结构中去。例如,在其中一项测验中,一个不断变大的黑色圆圈(就像一只正在扑来的鸟)被投射到小鼠受损眼睛的视觉区域上。大多数接受了两种方法治疗、并且遮住了未受伤眼睛的小鼠都做出了在野生环境中的自然反应:向实验设置好的“安全区”逃去。
 
换句话说,这些小鼠脑中重新生长出来的轴突已经长回了原本的大脑区域,并与相应区域建立起了功能性联系。小鼠们一度失明的眼睛又重见光明了。
 
修复后的视力仍有不足
 
不过,虽然有些小鼠在部分测验中显示视力有所恢复,但在需要更精细的视觉分辨能力的测验中,它们都失败了。休伯曼注意到,虽然研究人员可以证明有两种视网膜神经节细胞的轴突延伸到了指定区域,但缺乏分子标记的帮助,他们无法判断其它种类是否也能做到这一点。他认为,只有在更多视网膜神经节细胞轴突成功与此前的大脑区域建立联系、并找到评估30种视网膜神经节细胞的方法之后,才能说是取得了进步。
 
“我们现在正在努力解决这个问题。”休伯曼说道。

原始出处:

Lim JH, Stafford BK, Nguyen PL, Lien BV, Wang C, Zukor K, He Z, Huberman AD. Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Aug;19(8):1073-84.

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    2016-10-08 仁心济世
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    2016-09-06 gj0740
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881223, encodeId=a9a318812230b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 04:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717453, encodeId=ad4a1e174536c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=29ffe24064c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#盲人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72406, encryptionId=29ffe24064c, topicName=盲人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bf2532414379, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Sun Apr 09 12:59:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1666935, encodeId=b7e816669354d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5fda90e061e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90706, encryptionId=5fda90e061e, topicName=视神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=14db26078051, createdName=gj0740, createdTime=Tue Sep 06 18:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=147703, encodeId=3d8314e703ab, content=文章真好,喜欢阅读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 13 14:34:38 CST 2016, time=2016-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126697, encodeId=972312669e67, content=文章不错,值得拜读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 14 14:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96135, encodeId=b801961353c, content=很好的研究方向, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160726/IMG57976A6F5B33B3316.jpg, createdBy=f7231677766, createdName=吧唧吧唧, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 13:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364121, encodeId=a52e1364121e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7c5615628ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ROS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15628, encryptionId=7c5615628ad, topicName=ROS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=acc3210, createdName=lsndxfj, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 05:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=95100, encodeId=335e951009e, content=越来越接近成功!相信不久失明会被彻底治愈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jul 29 22:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-13 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真好,喜欢阅读

    0

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    2016-09-14 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章不错,值得拜读

    0

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    2016-08-05 吧唧吧唧

    很好的研究方向

    0

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    2016-07-31 lsndxfj
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    2016-07-29 lovetcm

    越来越接近成功!相信不久失明会被彻底治愈

    0

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