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Nat Genet:“魔剪”CRISPR治疗血液疾病取得突破进展

2018-04-06 Tierna 生物探索

近日,科学家们确定了一种可以使几类血液疾病患者继续产生胎儿形式的人类血红蛋白(这种血红蛋白可以自然地弥补成人血红蛋白的不足)的基因控制机制,有效降低了疾病严重程度;此外,研究人员还利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑将天然有益的突变引入培养的血细胞中,直接促进了胎儿血红蛋白的产生。

近日,科学家们确定了一种可以使几类血液疾病患者继续产生胎儿形式的人类血红蛋白(这种血红蛋白可以自然地弥补成人血红蛋白的不足)的基因控制机制,有效降低了疾病严重程度;此外,研究人员还利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑将天然有益的突变引入培养的血细胞中,直接促进了胎儿血红蛋白的产生。

相关结果于4月2日发表在《Nature Genetics》杂志上,论文通讯作者为新南威尔士州大学(UNSW)医学博士Merlin Crossley。

人类在不同的发育阶段表达不同形式的血红蛋白基因:早期人胚胎表达胚胎珠蛋白基因,然后转换为产生胎儿形式的血红蛋白,大约在出生时,血红蛋白再次由胎儿形式转换为成人形式(成人通常仅产生大约1%的残留胎儿血红蛋白)。

HPFH疾病

然而,一些个体会患一种名为HPFH的(hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin)罕见良性疾病,这意味着患者进入成年后会继续产生胎儿血红蛋白。对于同时患有ß-血红蛋白病(如镰状细胞病或ß-地中海贫血)的HPFH患者,由于额外的胎儿血红蛋白补偿了成人血红蛋白的缺乏,因此会降低患者疾病的严重程度。因此,研究人员认为,触发胎儿血红蛋白产生的能力是治疗多种血液疾病的目标。“胎儿血红蛋白基因在出生后自然沉默,”Crossley博士评论说,“50年来,研究人员一直在激烈竞争,以找出它是如何关闭的,这样就可以重新开启它们。”

科学家曾发现,HPFH中的γ珠蛋白基因突变位于该基因启动子的两个区域(分别位于-115和-200 bp)。据推测,这些突变破坏了转录抑制因子的结合,而转录抑制因子通常会关闭转录。在众多与γ珠蛋白基因沉默有关的转录抑制因子中,BCL11A(B cell CLL/lymphoma 11A)和ZBTB7A(zinc-finger-and BTB-domain-containing 7A,也称为LRF或FBI-1)是在体内起主要作用的两种抑制因子。BCL11A曾被证明可以关闭胎儿血红蛋白基因,但具体是如何发生的一直未被发现。

魔剪CRISPR发挥作用

在这项新研究中,利用包括基因筛选和CRISPR在内的技术,科学家们揭示了HPFH患者中,γ珠蛋白两个区域的突变是如何阻止转录抑制因子BCL11A和ZBTB7A与基因启动子结合的。同时,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,研究人员将相同的突变引入到了血液细胞系中,并促进了胎儿血红蛋白的生成。

“我们的新方法可以被看作是对一系列常见遗传性血液疾病进行‘有机基因治疗’的先驱,这些疾病包括β地中海贫血和镰状细胞贫血,”Crossley博士说,“它是‘有机的’,因为没有新的DNA被引入细胞,相反,我们设计了自然发生的、对疾病有益的良性突变,且已被我们证明是一种安全有效的治疗方法(但距运用到实际治疗还需大量的研究)。”

重要意义

“经过几十年的研究,我们发现了两种主要的胎儿珠蛋白抑制因子BCL11A和ZBTB7A的结合分别是被“γ珠蛋白基因启动子–115和–200 bp位置的突变所破坏的。”研究人员总结道。

作者们还指出,基因组编辑技术使人们有可能设计出新的治疗血液疾病的策略,这种策略基于在相关基因中引入新的基因突变。而引入天然发生的突变可能被认为是比引入新的遗传物质更有吸引力的基因治疗策略,特别是在明确分子机制的情况下。”

Crossley表示:“这一里程碑式的发现除了有助于我们了解这些珠蛋白基因是如何被调节外,还意味着我们现在可以把注意力转移到利用CRISPR来开发治疗这些遗传性疾病的方法上。”

原始出处:
Gabriella E. Martyn, Beeke Wienert, Lu Yang, et al. Natural regulatory mutations elevate the fetal globin gene via disruption of BCL11A or ZBTB7A binding. Nature Genetics. 02 April 2018.

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    2018-06-25 cy0324
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    2018-07-15 canlab
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    2018-08-26 docwu2019
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    2019-02-10 liye789132251
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    2018-04-08 yuandd
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    2018-04-06 183****7028

    学习

    0

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