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临床研究伦理法规的修改:提高临床研究效率,强化受试者保护

2015-12-23 MedSci MedSci原创

美国卫生与人类服务部(DHHS)于近期发布了关于人体受试者研究伦理保护管理法规的修订意见(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,NPRM)。 《新英格兰医学杂志》于2015年12月10日,刊登了美国国立卫生研究院负责科学与政策副院长Hudso、院长Collins联名撰写的评论,对该法规修订的背景、目的和改革方向进行了梳理诠释。 事 件 背 景   198

美国卫生与人类服务部(DHHS)于近期发布了关于人体受试者研究伦理保护管理法规的修订意见(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,NPRM)。

《新英格兰医学杂志》于2015年12月10日,刊登了美国国立卫生研究院负责科学与政策副院长Hudso、院长Collins联名撰写的评论,对该法规修订的背景、目的和改革方向进行了梳理诠释。

事件背景  

1981年,为践行《贝尔蒙报告》,颁布了美国人体研究伦理保护规范(45CFR46;又称为通用法则,The Common Rule)。1991年至今几乎没有实质性修订,已不适用于目前的临床研究的发展现状。

在过去几十年间,除了知识更新和科技进步,医学研究和社会环境已发生了翻天覆地变化,今天的临床研究更倾向于多中心协作、招募大量受试者。正如奥巴马总统在倡导精准医学时所号召的那样,受试者将成为临床研究真正的参与合作者。除了参与临床试验,参与者的样本和数据共享也将有助于加速科学发现进程。2013年,由发表HeLa细胞系基因组序列而引起的伦理争议,使国际生物和医学研究伦理学更加重视参与者的知情同意基本权益。

修订目标与改革方向目标一:提高对参与者的尊重和保护

1.改革获取生物样本的知情同意

研究表明,参与者希望获得研究人员的尊重、自行决定样本是否用于科学研究。随着研究技术和工具的进步,从生物样本中可以获得大量个体化信息,参与者身份并不能真正地被去识别化。因此,研究人员有义务告知参与者可能的隐私风险,并寻求获得参与者的知情同意。修订意见中提出了“泛化同意”方案,泛化同意是指参与者允许生物样本及相关数据用于当前特定的研究和未来经过伦理审查的项目,未来特定的研究项目不需要再次征求参与者的知情同意。如果该修改建议最终被采用,所有人体样本采集都需要获得参与者签署的知情同意书,无论样本收集过程中是否能保障身份去识别化。

以目前临床研究的发展趋势来看,这是一种务实、可操作的强化隐私安全保护,避免了对数据和样本非授权的披露。DHHS期望修订临床研究伦理法规,来推动科学界在尊重参与者方面取得长足进步。

为了保障政策法规的衔接,NPRM允许过去收集的去识别化信息继续使用,并且新政策的实施有一个为期三年的生效期。在过渡期内,研究机构需要投入额外费用和精力制订知情同意流程、追踪储存样本的知情状况。DHHS下属的人体研究保护办公室将公布一个知情同意模板文件。

2.改革知情同意书内容

目前美国各研究机构应用的知情同意书大多拖沓冗长,关键信息不明确,条款内容对申办方和研究机构给予过多保护。为了更好地保证潜在受试者获得更好的知情权,通用法则将压缩知情同意书内容,围绕着受试者希望了解的信息给予重点强调和充分说明,非重要信息则被列为知情同意书的附件。另外,为加强知情同意透明性和可监督性,修订后的通用法则要求知情同意书内容对外公开,并接受公共监督。

目标二:减少不必要负担,调整监督管理风险标准,提高研究效率

1.优化伦理审查标准,缩减伦理审查内容

NPRM修订内容还将删减那些不能强化受试者保护,反而增加行政管理负担、降低审查工作效率、浪费公共资源、降低公众信任、掩盖真正伦理问题的繁琐审查流程。使临床研究监管人员将审查和监督重点放在高风险研究项目管理上,提高监督效率和有效性。

法规修订后,将进一步扩大豁免审查范围。当前,通用法则涵盖的一些研究项目,例如:不符合通用法则定义的研究项目(如公共卫生监管)、低风险的社会学研究(如调研、访谈)或属于其它法规监管的研究项目(如属于HIPPA法案管辖的健康档案和医疗保险数据等)将不再受到通用法则监管,也不属于IRB的审查或行政监管范畴。研究者可使用伴随修改法案同时推出的“在线评估”工具,对研究项目是否属于通用法则监管范围进行自我评估。

目前,一些需要IRB审查的低风险研究项目的跟踪审查也将被取消,例如:快速审查项目、已完成干预措施而仅仅是数据分析等。相关部门将发布一个最小风险活动名单,协助IRB进行最小风险性质的判断。在收集生物样本时,完成了泛化知情同意,且安全措施到位,则生物样本和数据保存不需要再进行IRB会议审查。样本和数据二次研究和开发利用,只需要确保安全措施到位,无需IRB审查。另外,IRB也不再审查研究项目申请和合同草案。

2.倡导单一伦理审查备案模式

NPRM提出,除特殊情况外,所有在美国本土开展的、由联邦政府机构资助的多中心研究项目,将采用单一IRB审查备案模式。修订法规生效期是三年,在此期间,研究机构可以获得足够的审查资源进行过渡调整。

目前,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)资助的临床研究项目,几乎一半是多中心协同合作研究项目。此次修订提案是为了解决多中心临床试验,重复审查且阻碍研究效率的瓶颈问题,将加速项目启动,节省管理资源。许多研究机构也关注依托外部IRB审查是否能够保障对研究过程的审查、监督,NPRM指出这是一种IRB审查备案制度,而不是要求研究机构完全依靠外部IRB审查。这样做的目的是使机构IRB集中精力,对本机构承担项目的伦理事宜进行评估和管理。

修订通用法则,许多举措和建议对我国目前临床研究受试者保护制度建设,也有重要、可借鉴实际意义。特别是保障参与者权益的同时,提高临床研究伦理审查效率、优化知情同意。对于生物和疾病样本和数据资源库的规范化建设,目前我国对于生物和疾病样本的知情同意,尚无国家建议规范,在基因信息隐私和安全保护方面仍存在着法规空白。

期望此文能够引起国内医学研究伦理界同仁关注,让我们务实地思考如何优化我国临床研究的管理规范和伦理审查制度,最终提高临床研究质量和健全受试者保护制度。

音频相关拓展阅读内容概要  美国卫生与人类服务部(DHHS)等近日联合发布了关于人体研究参与者保护“通用法则”修订稿(即:联邦法规第45CFR 46A,修订征求意见NPRM)。旨在强化对医学研究参与者的保护、提高临床研究效率。

为此《新英格兰医学杂志》主编采访了南加州大学凯克医学院Dr. Alexander Carpon教授。

进入21世纪以来,除了科技进步,临床研究的社会环境也发生了显著变化。修订“通用法则",是否因特定事件而推动?

Carpon教授说:不是的。近年来,美国公众普遍关注德国的研究团队公开发表Hela细胞基因组序列的事件。这一事件涉及可识别生物样本的知情同意问题。作为回应,该研究小组将基因组数据从公共数据库中撤除。

后经NIH与Lacks家族协商达成一致,通过背书方式允许公布该基因组信息。这一事件预示了生物样本使用过程中潜在的风险。这是一个极端案例,目前大部分生物样本的研究并没有获得样本提供者的知情授权。

问:修订意见是否能实现强化研究参与者的保护、提高临床研究效率的目标?

Carpon教授认为,如果将效率定义为开展更多的研究项目,更快速启动,那么,实现该目标肯定没有问题。因为许多研究机构进行伦理审查的项目并不属于人体受试者参与项目,许多项目跟踪审查也可以豁免,另外一些研究也不属于“通用法则”范畴。

因此,此项改革无疑会降低研究项目的伦理审查和行政管理负担。如果伦理委员会能集中精力,审查涉及人体伤害的高风险研究项目,即可显著提高工作效率。与此同时。许多低风险的社会行为学研究项目,应考虑给予豁免审查或快速审查。提高效率的改革措施还包括应采取单一IRB审查模式,审查多中心临床研究项目。

另外,关于收集生物样本时,需要实施泛化的知情同意程序,并在机构层面上采取强制性执行,确保后续生物样本的保存、数据管理流程合规性。这项改革对小型社区医院、非教学医院和私人诊所来说是一项挑战。

在采用泛化知情过程中,需要探讨在样本收集过程中如何加强患者的参与性,提高隐私保护,降低样本再利用成本,以及公开发表结果而引起的伦理风险。NPRM的愿景是简化流程、降低负担。当然,还有许多细节需要进一步斟酌。

问:NPRM提出按照研究风险等级进行伦理审查,这些风险是否有明确界定?

NPRM试图给出明确的风险界定标准。Carpon教授认为,在实践中,临床研究管理者往往需要根据特定情况进行风险评测。实际上,研究者承担了过多责任,却没有获得足够的专业培训。除了临床研究项目本身,风险评估还涉及研究机构、研究合同、受试者,以及隐私保护、民俗文化等。
DHHS下一步工作是什么?何时开始实施新的修订版本?

Carpon教授介绍,各方面都迫切希望NPRM修订过程能在2016年夏末时完成。希望在2016年11-12月总统选举后,与其它法规一并出台。最近,DHHS延长了征求意见期限至2016年1月6日。Carpon教授建议,各利益相关方,应积极参与并反馈修订意见,针对各自关注的问题,提出建议和参与讨论。DHHS将归纳各方面的建议。

NPRM并非是一项成熟的提案。涉及修订内容、涵盖问题较多,距离正式出台还有很长的路要走。但NPRM整体提升了相关法案。推行单一的中心伦理审查模式可能还会有一定困难。但是,这种模式是临床研究事业发展的必然需求,具体操作过程可能还需要在实践中不断完善和成熟。

名词解释

DHHS(Department of health and human service) 美国卫生与人类服务部

NPRM(Notice of Proposed Rule making) 建议规则制订通知

Common rules 通用法则

HeLa Cell 人类宫颈癌细胞系

Biospecimen 生物样本

Human subject 人类受试者

Single IRB Record 单一伦理审查备案

Informed consent 知情同意

Genome map 基因图谱

Identifiable information 可识别信息

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    2017-05-17 130****4638

    看过了谢谢分享。

    0

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    2016-10-01 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

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    2016-09-21 liaoqingping

    强烈同意

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=199373, encodeId=537c1993e337, content=看过了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=00501987275, createdName=130****4638, createdTime=Wed May 17 23:09:28 CST 2017, time=2017-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138754, encodeId=081a138e5438, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Oct 01 22:41:01 CST 2016, time=2016-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=131937, encodeId=50c713193ec5, content=强烈同意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160915/IMG57D9851ABBA285606.jpg, createdBy=ef0155062, createdName=liaoqingping, createdTime=Wed Sep 21 00:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129661, encodeId=5400129661c9, content=好好学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 15:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48347, encodeId=5b6f4834e9e, content=同意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=158, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 16:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298972, encodeId=287a12989e257, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aaca260456b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26045, encryptionId=aaca260456b, topicName=伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f9279, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 13:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1446081, encodeId=daf91446081d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23f4380e5f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#受试者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38075, encryptionId=23f4380e5f9, topicName=受试者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=24035191312, createdName=xinmeili, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 13:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47325, encodeId=b7294e325b7, content=又是伦理, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Thu Dec 24 00:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-17 忠诚向上

    好好学习一下

    0

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    2015-12-26 忠诚向上

    同意

    0

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    2015-12-25 slcumt
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    2015-12-24 xiaotaiyang1

    又是伦理

    0

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