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Spine:双Hangman骨折1例报道

2013-05-10 Spine dxy

创伤性脊柱前移是脊柱齿状突骨折后最容易出现的状况,通常发生在机动车祸患者中,这类患者通常特征是双侧椎弓根和椎体分离,伴或不伴有椎体的脱位,这类骨折在外文文献中被称为Hangman骨折,即上吊者骨折。本文报道1例罕见的C2,C3 双侧椎弓根断裂,伴C3椎体向前滑移而未出现脊髓神经压迫症状的病例。 病例报道: 35岁女性,因机动车祸时前额部撞击地面而出现颈部疼痛入院,参考颈椎损伤机制,该损伤类型为

创伤性脊柱前移是脊柱齿状突骨折后最容易出现的状况,通常发生在机动车祸患者中,这类患者通常特征是双侧椎弓根和椎体分离,伴或不伴有椎体的脱位,这类骨折在外文文献中被称为Hangman骨折,即上吊者骨折。本文报道1例罕见的C2,C3 双侧椎弓根断裂,伴C3椎体向前滑移而未出现脊髓神经压迫症状的病例。

病例报道:

35岁女性,因机动车祸时前额部撞击地面而出现颈部疼痛入院,参考颈椎损伤机制,该损伤类型为伸直-压缩型损伤。在对患者病情进行评估时,未发现患者存在运动或感觉功能障碍,X片及CT检查提示混着存在C2、C3椎体双侧椎弓根骨折,C3椎体较C4椎体向前滑移。MRI检查发现,在C3/C4向前滑移节段狭窄部位未发现脊髓有明显受压迹象(图1)。告知患者两种治疗方案:闭合复位,Halo头架牵引固定;手术,患者选择手术治疗。

 
图1:X片,CT,MRI等提示C2、C3双侧椎弓根骨折,伴C3椎体向前滑移,MRI提示滑移节段颈髓未出现明显压迫。

手术时,患者仰卧位,在清醒时进行气管插管,插管完成后进行使用Gardner-Wells夹固定头部后进行颈椎牵引复位,从1kg开始,每次增加1kg,至4kg时,颈椎牵引复位完成,拍片确认颈椎轴线恢复,行前路C2,C3,C3-C4髂骨植骨颈椎融合+前路颈椎钢板固定。前路固定完成后摄片发现人存在颈椎持续畸形,而后进行后路的C1-C5融合术(图2)。术后患者颈托制动3月,术后1年随访时,患者神经功能完好(图3)。、

 
图2:前路C2,C3-4融合固定和后路C1-C5内固定+融合术后颈椎侧位X片

 
图3:术后1年,颈椎前后位,侧位中立位,屈曲位,伸直位x片显示轻度的颈椎后凸畸形,无明显颈椎不稳定表现。

讨论

C2、C3部位骨折脱位在成年人群中较为少见,通常可以导致死亡或四肢瘫痪,而C2,C3双侧椎弓根骨折伴C3 椎体较C4椎体向前滑移,而神经功能完整的病例非常少见。在本例患者中,该患者的椎管直径非常大,在脊柱前移时,椎管内径足够大,从而不产生神经压迫症状。和Hangman骨折关联较大的损伤包括头面部损伤,C1骨折,还有较为少见的脊柱脱位损伤。Hangman骨折在C1节段的发生率,文献报道约在6-26%,脊柱脱位约占5%。经典的Hangman骨折是牵张分离性骨折。本例患者在轴位上出现了非常严重的过牵张损伤,导致C2,C3椎体双侧椎弓根骨折合并有C3向前滑移,根据Allen颈椎骨折分型,该类型属于压缩牵张型5型损伤。

脊髓神经功能的损伤和颈椎脱位程度并不存在绝对相关性。根据Fountas等人的研究结果,颈椎脊髓的直径比既往尸体活检时的颈椎脊髓直径要小15-20%,正是因为如此,脊髓在脊柱脱位时被压迫出现神经症状的可能性大大减少。Doran等报道,约有33%的患者在颈椎牵引复位过程中出现脊髓神经功能的恶化。为避免出现复位过程中的神经功能恶化,我们在手术复位过程中采取了三个措施:第一,本例患者采用渐进式的牵引方法,确保脊髓在逐渐复位过程中受力均匀;第二,在复位过程中对患者进行神经功能的监测;第三,患者在复位过程中保持清醒,以确保患者能及时告知手术医生是否出现神经功能损害。对脊柱骨折不稳定的患者而言,手术治疗是较Halo头架更为稳妥地措施。而这类患者在术前需尽可能的完善手术方案,评估可能出现的各种情况,前后路联合治疗可以给这类患者带来收益。

结论:在清醒,气管插管,确保呼吸安全的情况下进行颈椎牵引,渐进性的闭合复位法可以对颈椎脱位进行良好的复位。前后路联合,360度融合是治疗这类不稳定颈椎骨折的推荐治疗方案。

骨折相关的拓展阅读:


Double hangman's fracture.
STUDY DESIGN
Clinical case report and review of the literature.
OBJECTIVE
To report a very rare case of bipedicular fracture of C2, C3 along with traumatic spondylolisthesis of the C2, C3 vertebral bodies together over C4 without any neurological deficits.
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
Cervical spine injury is a potentially fatal and debilitating incident because of the risk of damage of the cervical spinal cord. Hangman's fracture comprises 4% to 7% of all traumatic cervical spine fractures. Attempting closed reduction in a neurologically intact patient may cause the development of new deficits during time of traction, especially in the case of compromised neural canal. The management should be aimed at providing a stable well-aligned spine without causing any new neurological deficits.
METHODS
A 35-year-old female had a motor vehicle accident and her forehead collided against the ground, causing hyperextension-compression type injury of the cervical spine that resulted in complaints of neck pain on movement. Cervical spine plain radiographs revealed spondylolisthesis of C2, C3 vertebral bodies together over C4 with bipedicular fracture of C2, C3. A computed tomographic scan confirmed these fractures. Magnetic resonance imaging further demonstrated spondylolisthesis without any spinal cord compression or signal abnormality. An anterior C2, C3 and C3-C4 cervical fusion was performed with iliac crest tricortical strut grafting and anterior cervical plating. The patient was turned to a prone position on the striker bed and posterior fixation was performed with lateral mass screws of C1 and C5.
RESULTS
Reduction of the spondylolisthesis was achieved with gradual cervical traction in an awake intubation followed by 360º of fusion with both anterior and posterior fixation.
CONCLUSION
Bipedicular fracture of C2, C3 along with traumatic spondylolisthesis of the C2, C3 vertebral bodies together over C4 without any neurological deficits is very rare injury and needs methodical 360º fixation.

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