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medRxiv:从SARS到新冠肺炎,看全新中国研究数据揭示死亡秘密

2020-03-10 idiabetes 杨金奎

去岁隆冬爆发的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)疾病(COVID-19)近来在全球呈现大流行趋势。而我国疫情防控和疾病救治工作经过全社会艰苦卓绝的努力后,正逐渐向好。我国广大白衣“逆行战

去岁隆冬爆发的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)疾病(COVID-19)近来在全球呈现大流行趋势。而我国疫情防控和疾病救治工作经过全社会艰苦卓绝的努力后,正逐渐向好。我国广大白衣“逆行战士”们一方面奋力救治COVID-19患者,另一方面也在加快相关转化医学研究,尽早将科学结果作为中国乃至全球疫情防控工作的参考。

研究背景

2019年12月初,一种新型冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)在武汉暴发,并向中国各地迅速蔓延,令世界警觉。新型冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)经高通量测序显示了一种新的β冠状病毒,目前被命名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2),类似于严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)。感染COVID-19患者多为轻症。中症患者通常在一周后出现呼吸困难。而重症患者则迅速发展到包括急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、急性呼吸衰竭、凝血障碍、脓毒性休克和代谢性酸中毒在内的危重症。

及早识别危重症的危险因素,不仅有助于更准确地确定明确的该疾病的临床和流行病学特征,而且有助于提供适当的支持性护理,并在必要时迅速将患者转入重症监护室(ICU),从而挽救更多的生命。

本项研究通过分析多例SARS-CoV-2感染患者的临床特征,比较男性和女性COVID-19患者的严重程度和死亡率,探索影响疾病转归的关键因素。同时,研究还分析了2003年初北京市多例SARS患者的资料,进行了相应对比研究。

研究方法

这项病例系列分析纳入了2020年1月29日~2月15日北京同仁医院医疗队在武汉协和医院救治的43例患者、国家卫生健康委公布的首批死于COVID-19的37例患者及同期1019例幸存者,以及2003年北京市的524例SARS患者(含139例死亡)。研究分析资料包括基本人口信息、分类、症状开始日期、诊断日期、住院日期、出院日期或死亡日期等。COVID-19诊断和分类标准依据《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(第五版)》确定。该研究方案获得了首都医科大学附属附属北京同仁医院伦理委员会批准。

主要结果

在该项病例系列分析中,43例患者的中位年龄为62岁,以发热(95.3%)、咳嗽(65.1%)为典型症状,少数伴有腹泻(16.3%)。37.2%的患者至少合并一种慢性疾病。其中,13例(30.2%)为轻症/普通型,14例(32.6%)为重症,16例(37.2%)为危重症。根据临床分型,男性危重症占比显著高于女性(x2=4.45,P=0.035),见图1。


图1. 男性COVID-19危重症显著高于女性

首批死于COVID-19的患者及同期幸存者分析显示,37例死亡病例从发病到死亡为13天(11~18天),64.9%至少合并一种慢性疾病,发热(86.5%)和咳嗽(67.6%)为典型症状,少数伴有腹泻(18.9%)。死亡患者年龄显著高于幸存者(70.3 vs 47岁,P<0.001),>65岁的患者比例更高(83.8 Vs 13.2%,P<0.001)。男、女患者死亡、幸存均无年龄差异。1019例幸存者中,男性占50.5%;37例死亡中,男性占70.3%,尽管男、女易感性一致,但男性死亡风险更高(x2=5.84,P=0.016),男性死亡率是女性的2.3倍。见图2。


图2. 高龄、男性均为COVID-19死亡的高危因素

2003年SARS病例分析显示,来自北京29家医院139例死亡患者从发病到死亡为15天(10~19天),其中发热(98.4%)和咳嗽(76.9%)为典型症状,少数伴有腹泻(6.7%),57.0%至少合并一种慢性疾病。SARS死亡患者年龄高于幸存者(57 vs 32岁,P<0.001),合并疾病多于幸存者 (57.0% vs 17.9%, P<0.001)。男、女患者死亡、幸存均无年龄差异。幸存者分析显示男性死亡风险高于女性47%(95%CI:1.05-2.06,P=0.025)。见图3。


图3. 高龄、男性均为SARS死亡的高危因素

研究结论

高龄和男性是影响COVID-19、SARS严重程度和死亡率的重要因素。尽管男、女同样易感SARS-CoV-2,男性发生重症及危重症COVID-19风险更高,死亡风险也更高。因此,男性重症患者应更早进行重症监护。其原因是否与冠状病毒受体ACE2基因位于不同的性染色体相关,还有待进一步研究确认。

原始出处:

Jian-Min Jin, et al. gender differences inpatients with COVID-19:Focus on severity and mortality. medRxiv. Posted March 05, 2020.

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    2020-03-12 小刀医生
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    2020-03-11 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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