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Science:神经元分支那么多,它们如何“布线”才不会打结?

2017-05-02 漱石 生物探索

来自哥伦比亚大学的一组科学家近日发表在Science上的两项研究发现了一种能够让5-羟色胺能神经元的分支均匀分布在整个大脑的基因。没有这种基因,这些神经元分支会缠结在一起,导致5-羟色胺的无规律的分布以及小鼠的抑郁样行为。

许多精神疾病,包括抑郁症,双相性精神障碍和精神分裂症都与一种神经递质——5-羟色胺的失衡有关。一些抗抑郁药物如5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂就是通过增加突触间隙5-羟色胺来达到抗抑郁效果。不过,来自哥伦比亚大学的一组科学家近日发表在Science上的两项研究另辟蹊径,他们没有将焦点集中在5-羟色胺产生或再摄取的问题,而是发现了一种能够让5-羟色胺能神经元的分支均匀分布在整个大脑的基因。没有这种基因,这些神经元分支会缠结在一起,导致5-羟色胺的无规律的分布以及小鼠的抑郁样行为。这些发现揭示了神经元的精准连接对全脑健康的重要性,同时也揭开了与5-羟色胺失衡相关的精神疾病的新的研究领域。

这两项研究由哥伦比亚大学的Tom Maniatis教授领导,他和同事们希望了解大脑中的各个神经元如何“看见”彼此——以及这些神经元上成百上千个分支如何遍布大脑而不产生缠结。

Pcdhs的多样性对嗅觉神经元正确连接至关重要

为了调查这个问题,Maniatis教授和他的团队专注于一组名为clustered protocadherins或Pcdhs的基因。十多年前,Maniatis博士的实验室发现了人类Pcdh基因簇,他们后来的研究发现,这些基因能够编码细胞表面“条形码”,通过这种“条形码”,神经元可以将它们自己与其他神经元区别开来。

随后,通过与Zuckerman研究所的结构生物学家Barry Honig博士和Larry Shapiro博士的合作研究揭示了Pcdh密码在细胞表面组装的精确机制,以及当神经元相互接触时该密码如何被读取。这允许神经元通过识别和绕开它们自己的分支来防止缠结,这一过程被称为自我回避(self-avoidance)。

在Science发表的两篇论文中,Maniatis博士及其实验室研究了Pcdhs在嗅觉神经元(OSN)以及5-羟色胺能神经元布线中的功能。嗅觉神经元的研究表明,Pcdhs的多样性对细胞表面分子的组装至关重要,从而为每个神经元提供其独特的“身份证”。在多样性缺失的情况下,OSN无法在大脑中正确连接,而小鼠无法区分不同的气味。

Pcdh-α-c2让5-羟色胺能神经元产生间距

而5-羟色胺能神经元研究揭示了Pcdhs的另一个重要功能。

“这些神经元的主要工作是将5-羟色胺均匀地分布在整个大脑中,负责维持情绪平衡,”哥伦比亚精神医学计划主任Maniatis博士说, “为了做到这一点,神经元将它们的分支以一种精确的,均匀间隔的方式分布,这一过程被称为“axonal tiling”(轴突平铺)。然而,这背后的确切机制仍然难以捉摸。

在小鼠的一系列实验中,Maniatis博士的研究小组指出了Pcdh簇内的单个基因——Pcdh-α-c2,其负责5-羟色胺能神经元在整个大脑中组装成平铺模式的能力,从而均匀分布5-羟色胺。

Maniatis博士说:“我们惊奇地发现,不同于其他神经元需要多样性的Pcdhs构成不同条形码,5-羟色胺能神经元都显示出单一功能识别蛋白。 “因此,5-羟色胺能轴突分支可以识别和相互排斥,从而使它们产生间距。



正常小鼠(左)海马中5-羟色胺能神经元平铺排列,缺乏Pcdhc2的突变体小鼠(右)5-羟色胺能神经元不均匀分布,产生缠结。图片来源:哥伦比亚大学

删除Pcdh-α-c2使5-羟色胺分布不均,引起小鼠抑郁样行为

“我们发现删除Pcdh-α-c2能引起5-羟色胺能神经元分枝缠结在一起,”Maniatis博士继续说,“5-羟色胺虽然被释放,但并没有分布在整个脑部。”

沉默Pcdh-α-c2也导致了明显的行为变化。与正常的健康小鼠相比,Pcdh-α-c2缺陷小鼠表现出行为绝望(减少逃跑欲望)和增强的恐惧记忆(惊吓时增加不动时间)——这些都是抑郁症的典型症状。

Maninatis博士说:“5-羟色胺失衡长期以来一直与各种精神疾病有关,包括抑郁症,双相性精神障碍和精神分裂症,但大多数研究集中在生产或摄取5-羟色胺的问题,而不是大脑神经元连接的问题。布线异常显然是一个新视角。”

这项结果也可能为自闭症研究提供信息。经过国际调查人员对自闭症个人及其家属进行的详尽的遗传分析,已经确定了数百个与该疾病相关的基因。其中就包括包括Pcdh基因簇中的Pcdh-α-c2。

Maniatis博士说:“对于今天发表的这两项研究,我们主要关注了两种类型的神经元,这两类神经元已经被很好地理解和深入探索,但这只是起点。 “如果我们要真正了解大脑在健康和疾病状态中的如何布线,那么大脑的其余脑区是我们下一步要去探索的地方。”

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    2017-05-09 绛珠草小姐

    学习了,谢谢

    0

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    2017-05-08 绛珠草小姐

    学习了,谢谢

    0

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    2017-05-06 lyh994

    研究越来越深入了

    0

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    2017-05-04 jichang
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    2017-05-03 131****2916

    这个有点意思

    0

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    2017-05-03 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-05-02 shaosai

    好好学习,涨知识

    0

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    2017-05-02 131****2916

    这个题目很调皮

    0

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